Synopsis ■ Vascular anomalies are divided into tumors or malformations. ■ Vascular tumors are comprised of proliferating endothelium; the endothelial lining of malformations is more quiescent. ■ Infantile hemangioma is the most common tumor of infancy; it grows rapidly after…
Synopsis ■ Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) are composed of clusters of nevomelanocytes that are generally present at birth but occasionally arise as late as several years of age. These lesions arise from melanocytic stem cells that migrate from the neural…
Synopsis ■ Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is characterized by a facial dysostosis with an incidence of 1 to 9 per 100,000 live births ■ Dysmorphology is isolated to the craniofacial region with variable presentation ■ Successful treatment requires a specialized…
Synopsis ■ Robin sequence (RS) is a clinical triad consisting of glossoptosis, retro- or micrognathia, and airway compromise. RS is often associated with clefting of the secondary palate. ■ RS can be an isolated entity or found in association with…
Synopsis ■ Initially described in the writings of Dr. Caleb Hillier Parry. ■ Exact etiology of PHA is not well understood, but is felt to have a strong autoimmune and neurogenic component. ■ The initial clinical manifestations include both cutaneous…
Synopsis ■ Patients with craniofacial microsomia (CFM) require the care of a skilled multidisciplinary clinical team. ■ Phenotypic features of CFM are highly variable. While the three structures most affected include the ear, mandible, and maxilla, abnormal development can occur…
Introduction Cranial sutures are patent at birth and serve as the major sites of expansion in the skull during early brain development. Typically 400 g at birth, the brain doubles in size by 6 months and triples by 2.5 years.…
Synopsis ■ Patients with syndromic synostosis require protocolized treatment coordination from a multidisciplinary craniofacial team. ■ Treatment of cephalocranial disproportion requires early and sequential surgical intervention. ■ All protocols include monitoring for obstructive airway disease and hydrocephalus. ■ Sequential surgical…
Synopsis ■ Patients with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis are at increased risk for developing subtle neurocognitive deficits, which may or may not, be altered through surgical intervention ■ The goals of cranial vault reconstruction include to optimize cerebral blood flow via expansion…
Introduction For those specializing in pediatric conditions, assessment of infants and children with abnormal head shapes is a common practice. Enhanced awareness through the use of social media and access to the internet has created a generation of informed parents…