Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of infancy and childhood that occurs primarily in preterm infants born at less than 32 wk gestation. BPD is characterized by alveolar hypoplasia, often with concomitant small airway dysfunction and impaired…
Chylothorax is a pleural collection of fluid formed by the escape of chyle from the thoracic duct or lymphatics into the thoracic cavity. Etiology Chylothorax in children occurs most frequently because of thoracic duct injury as a complication of cardiothoracic…
Hemothorax, an accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, is rare in children. Etiology Bleeding into the chest cavity most commonly occurs after chest trauma, either blunt or penetrating. It can be the result of iatrogenic trauma, including surgical procedures…
Hydrothorax is a transudative pleural effusion; typically, it is caused by abnormal pressure gradients in the lung. Etiology Hydrothorax is most often associated with cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease. It can also be a manifestation of severe nutritional edema and…
Air or gas in the mediastinum is called pneumomediastinum. Etiology Pneumomediastinum is typically caused by alveolar rupture which can be due to either a spontaneous or traumatic cause. A spontaneous pneumomediastinum can either be primary without an underlying etiology or…
Pneumothorax is the accumulation of extrapulmonary air within the chest, most commonly from leakage of air from within the lung. Air leaks can be primary or secondary and can be spontaneous, traumatic, iatrogenic, or catamenial ( Table 439.1 ). Pneumothorax…
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Atelectasis is the incomplete expansion or complete collapse of air-bearing tissue, resulting from obstruction of air intake into the alveolar sacs. Segmental, lobar, or whole lung collapse is associated with the absorption of air contained in the alveoli, which are…
Pulmonary Embolus and Infarction Mary A. Nevin Keywords pulmonary hemorrhage pulmonary embolism deep venous thrombosis air embolism thrombophilia partial thromboplastin time hemosiderin bronchoalveolar lavage acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage of infancy (AIPHI) Venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) has become an increasingly recognized critical…
Pulmonary hemorrhage may be characterized as focal or diffuse based on the location(s) of bleeding. A detailed review of pulmonary hemorrhage is in Chapter 436.2 . The diagnosis of pulmonary hemosiderosis refers to the subset of patients with diffuse alveolar…