The main function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to meet the body’s demands and remove excess carbon dioxide. Many processes are involved in ensuring that this occurs, including ventilation (gas delivery to and from the lungs), perfusion…
Introduction Cough is an important defense mechanism of the lungs and is a common symptom, particularly during winter months. In most patients, it is self-limited. However, cough can be ominous, indicating serious underlying disease, because of accompanying problems (hemoptysis) or…
Most causes of sore throat are nonbacterial and neither require nor are alleviated by antibacterial therapy ( Tables 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 ). Accurate diagnosis is essential. Acute streptococcal pharyngitis warrants proper diagnosis and prompt therapy to prevent serious suppurative…
Chapter 197 Orthopedics Assessment Orthopedic rough guide to developmental milestones Sit independently at 6 months Pull to stand at 10 months Cruising at 12 months Walk at 18 months Lower extremity angular profile Genu varum (bowlegs) at birth and begin…
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Shoulder The shoulder actually comprises four joints: Glenohumeral joint (commonly referred to as the shoulder joint) Acromioclavicular joint Sternoclavicular joint Scapulothoracic joint The glenohumeral joint has minimal geometric stability because the relatively small glenoid fossa articulates with the proportionately larger…
Spinal Deformities A simplified classification of the common spinal abnormalities, scoliosis and kyphosis, is presented in Table 202.1 . TABLE 202.1 Classification of Spinal Deformities Modified from the Terminology Committee of the Scoliosis Research Society, 1975. SCOLIOSIS Idiopathic Infantile Juvenile…
In newborns and non–weight-bearing infants, the difference between posturing and deformity is important. Posturing is the habitual position in which the infant holds the foot; passive range of motion is normal. Deformity produces an appearance similar to posturing, but passive…
Torsional (in-toeing and out-toeing) and angular (physiologic bowlegs and knock knees) variations in the legs are common reasons that parents seek medical attention for their child. Most of these concerns are physiologic and resolve with normal growth. Understanding the natural…
The hip is a ball (femoral head) and socket (acetabulum) joint that is important for skeletal stability. The femoral head and acetabulum are interdependent for normal growth and development. The femoral neck and head, which contain the capital femoral epiphysis,…