Urticaria and angioedema affect 20% of individuals at some point in their life. Episodes of hives that last for <6 wk are considered acute, whereas those that occur on most days of the week for >6 wk are designated chronic. The distinction…
The eye is a common target of allergic disorders because of its marked vascularity and direct contact with allergens in the environment. The conjunctiva is the most immunologically active tissue of the external eye. Ocular allergies can occur as isolated…
Allergic responses to stinging or, more rarely, biting insects vary from localized cutaneous reactions to systemic anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions caused by inhalation of airborne particles of insect origin result in acute and chronic respiratory symptoms of seasonal or perennial rhinitis,…
Atopic dermatitis (AD) , or eczema, is the most common chronic relapsing skin disease seen in infancy and childhood. It affects 10–30% of children worldwide and frequently occurs in families with other atopic diseases. Infants with AD are predisposed to…
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the lung airways resulting in episodic airflow obstruction. This chronic inflammation heightens the twitchiness of the airways— airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR)— to common provocative exposures. Asthma management is aimed at reducing airways inflammation by…
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic disease affecting 20–30% of children. AR is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa marked by nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and itching, often accompanied by sneezing and conjunctival inflammation. Its recognition as a major…
Allergy History Obtaining a complete history from the allergic patient involves eliciting a description of all symptoms along with their timing and duration, exposure to common allergens, and responses to previous therapies. Because patients often suffer from more than one…
Allergic or atopic patients have an altered state of reactivity to common environmental and food antigens that do not cause clinical reactions in unaffected people. Patients with clinical allergy usually produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to the antigens that trigger…
Pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is considered standard-of-care treatment for a number of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Treatment generally involves exposure to chemotherapy and occasionally radiation to encourage engraftment of donor stem cells and prevent donor and recipient rejection.…
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