Disorders of the immune system are diverse and range from mild to severe in their manifestations and impact on normal function. In this chapter, we review the physical findings and characteristic symptoms of children with hypersensitivity reactions and immune deficiencies,…
Pediatricians need to be able to distinguish normal development and individual differences from delayed or atypical patterns of development and behavior in both routine health supervision and in comprehensive management of children with other medical conditions. Once developmental or behavioral…
General Techniques of Physical Examination Assessment of the Newborn The purposes of the routine newborn assessment are to determine the infant’s gestational age, document normal growth and development for a given gestational age, uncover signs of birth-related trauma or congenital…
Acknowledgments The authors thank members of the medical genetics staff who worked tirelessly to help accumulate the clinical pictures and the families who graciously consented to allow photographs to be taken to advance teaching and education. The field of pediatric…
Introduction Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults in industrialized countries. Dyslipidemia (specifically elevated low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, and high non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides [TGs]) has been identified…
Introduction The global prevalence of pediatric obesity has increased by a staggering eightfold over the past 4 decades with a current estimate of 124 million children, ages 5 to 19, having obesity worldwide. The concept of the adipocyte functioning as…
Introduction Glucose is an obligate fuel for the brain under physiological conditions. The brain can neither synthesize glucose nor store more than approximately a 20-minute supply of glycogen; therefore brain survival requires a continuous supply of glucose. The brain can…
Introduction The autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APS) are uncommon constellations of organ-specific autoimmune diseases characterized by the occurrence of more than one autoimmune disease in an affected individual ( Table 22.1 ). Although autoimmune endocrine disorders commonly affect single organs, multiorgan…
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of disturbed energy metabolism involving carbohydrate, protein, and fat brought about by absolute or relative deficiency of insulin secretion, in the context of sensitivity or resistance to insulin actions at various tissue sites.…
Acknowledgment In memory of Frank B. Diamond, Jr, MD. Disorders of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate metabolism and of bone formation, accrual, and maintenance during the first 2 decades of life result from suboptimal ingestion, absorption, or retention of constituent nutrients,…