Newborn infants do not have teeth for about first 6 mo after birth (predentate period). At this stage, the upper and lower alveolar ridges in the mouth, also known as gum pads, house the primary (deciduous) and some permanent tooth buds.…
Disorders of organs outside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can produce symptoms and signs that mimic digestive tract disorders and should be considered in the differential diagnosis ( Table 332.1 ). In children with normal growth and development, treatment may be…
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Etiology Echinococcosis ( hydatid disease or hydatidosis ) is a widespread, serious human cestode infection ( Fig. 330.1 ). Two major Echinococcus groups of species are responsible for distinct clinical presentations. Echinococcus granulosus and related species cause cystic hydatid disease,…
Etiology Taenia solium, also known as the pork tapeworm , causes 2 different infections in children. In its normal life cycle, children can acquire the tapeworm form by ingestion of undercooked pork containing the larval cysts (see Chapter 328 ).…
Tapeworms are adult forms of cestodes , multicellular helminth parasites, that live in human intestines and cause non–life-threatening illness. Invasive larval forms of cestodes are associated with cysts that lead to severe human disease such as neurocysticercosis ( Taenia solium…
Several different trematodes , or flukes, can parasitize humans and cause disease. Flukes are endemic worldwide but are more prevalent in the less developed parts of the world. They include Schistosoma, or the blood flukes (see Chapter 326 ), as…
The term schistosomiasis (bilharzia) encompasses the acute and chronic inflammatory disorders caused by human infection with Schistosoma spp. parasites. Disease is related to both the systemic and the focal effects of schistosome infection and its consequent host immune responses triggered…
Etiology Human trichinellosis (also called trichinosis ) is caused by consumption of meat containing encysted larvae of Trichinella spiralis, a tissue-dwelling nematode with a worldwide distribution. After ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked meat from pigs (or other commercial meat…
Etiology Most cases of human toxocariasis are caused by the dog roundworm , Toxocara canis. Adult female T. canis worms live in the intestinal tracts of young puppies and their lactating mothers. Large numbers of eggs are passed in the…