Defence Against Infection ➤ Nonspecific mechanisms include the barriers such as skin, lysozyme in some secretions, ciliary motion in the respiratory tract, complement proteins, and colonisation by commensal bacteria ➤ Innate mechanisms lack memory ➤ Adaptive immunity is characterised by…
Blood suffers the various pathological processes that occur in all tissues but because blood is a tissue that circulates there is also a specific set of pathologies related to defects in flow. Thromboembolic events are major causes of morbidity and…
Metabolic disorders may be congenital or acquired. Congenital metabolic disorders usually result from inherited enzyme deficiencies causing significant clinical consequences. Acquired metabolic disorders are often characterised by perturbations of the body's homeostatic mechanisms that normally maintain the integrity of fluids…
Cellular Injury ➤ Numerous causes: physical and chemical agents including products of microorganisms ➤ Various mechanisms: disruption, membrane failure, metabolic interference (respiration, protein synthesis, DNA), free radicals ➤ May be reversible, or end in cell death Cell survival depends upon…
Growth, differentiation and morphogenesis are the processes by which a single cell, the fertilised ovum, develops into a large complex multicellular organism, with coordinated organ systems containing a variety of cell types, each with individual specialised functions. Growth and differentiation…
Causes of Disease ➤ Diseases are due to genetic, environmental or multifactorial causes ➤ Role of genetic and environmental factors can be distinguished by epidemiological observations, family studies or laboratory investigations ➤ Some diseases with a genetic basis may not…
What Is Disease? A disease is a condition in which an abnormality of the body causes a loss of normal health. The mere presence of an abnormality is insufficient to imply the presence of disease unless accompanied by ill health,…
Pathology is the scientific study of disease . Pathology comprises scientific knowledge and diagnostic methods essential, first, for understanding diseases and their causes and, second, for their effective prevention and treatment. Pathology embraces the functional and structural changes in disease,…
Chapter 1 1. D 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. E 7. D 8. B 9. E 10. B Chapter 2 1. D 2. D 3. E 4. E 5. E 6. B 7. D 8. D…
Abstract Background Accurate reference intervals established in healthy subjects are essential for appropriate interpretation of laboratory test results and to assist clinicians in diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of disease. To facilitate interpretation of laboratory tests, reference intervals must be appropriately…