Acknowledgment The author wishes to thank Dr. Laura W. Lamps for her work on prior editions of the chapter. Introduction Gastrointestinal (GI) infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As the number of transplant patients and those…
Introduction The popularity of gastrointestinal (GI) cytology for the diagnosis of infection and malignancy has waxed and waned during the past few decades. The ability to distinguish between high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma in biopsy specimens…
Introduction This chapter focuses on clinical gastroenterology issues of interest to pathologists, including endoscopic diagnosis and management of Barrett’s esophagus, management of intestinal metaplasia in the setting of chronic gastritis, and surveillance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, colon polyps,…
Introduction Endoscopy provides a unique opportunity to visualize the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and, through endoscopic imaging techniques, a variety of extraluminal and extraintestinal organs and structures. When considered within the context of a specific clinical picture,…
Essential Features: Myopathic Versus Neurogenic Changes Definition Myopathic changes are seen in disorders that primarily affect muscle Neurogenic changes in skeletal muscle result from disorders of innervation: peripheral nerve, motor neuron disease, or neuromuscular junction Clinical Features Epidemiology Depends on…
Basic Reactions in Peripheral Nerve Disorders Definition Pathologic changes seen in any component of the peripheral nerve Clinical Features Epidemiology Peripheral nerve disorders are common conditions affecting approximately 2.4% of the population Prevalence increases with age to up to 8%…
Neuronal Storage Diseases Definition Autosomal recessive lysosomal storage diseases primarily affecting neurons/gray matter (“poliodystrophies”) (the leukodystrophies are considered in the next chapter) Representative examples of gangliosidoses are presented here Clinical Features Epidemiology Specific enzyme deficiencies that cause impaired removal of…
Wernicke-Korsakoff Disease Definition A complex of neurologic deficits associated with vitamin B 1 (thiamine) deficiency Clinical Features Epidemiology Prevalence: 1% to 3% Age: onset ranges from 30 to 70 years Thiamine Dietary sources: pork and whole grains Absorbed from duodenum,…
Toxic Leukoencephalopathy Definition General term used here to describe a white matter demyelinating/destructive process caused by innumerable therapeutic and toxic agents Clinical Features Epidemiology May affect all ages, overall prevalence unknown Abused substances Inhalants (glue, spray paint, etc.) Cocaine, heroin,…
Definition Acute, inflammatory demyelinating disease, which presents as a solitary, large (>2 cm) focus of demyelination within a cerebral hemisphere with associated edema that may simulate neoplasm or abscess; synonyms include tumefactive multiple sclerosis lesions, tumor-like demyelinating lesions, and demyelinating pseudotumors…