INTRODUCTION The scalp is a common site for cutaneous malignancies and is frequently subjected to trauma. As such, the surgeon is often faced with complex scalp defects in need of repair. The scalp presents unique challenges to the reconstructive surgeon:…
INTRODUCTION The treatment and care of patients with auricular malformations requires a detailed and comprehensive approach for optimal outcomes. It is ideal to establish a relationship with patients and their families early in diagnosis to provide accurate information and address…
INTRODUCTION Reconstruction of the auricle presents a significant reconstructive challenge, the ultimate goal of which is to achieve as normal an appearance and position of the auricle as possible. The orientation, size, and shape of the reconstructed ear should closely…
INTRODUCTION A paralyzed and ptotic eyebrow, an oblique midforehead scar, focal alopecia in a brow, an asymmetric hairline – for the skilled reconstructive surgeon these deformities would be considered complications of forehead reconstruction. For the unskilled and unknowledgeable surgeon these…
Videos available online INTRODUCTION Achieving aesthetic surgical outcomes after reconstruction of cutaneous cheek defects requires knowledge of cheek anatomy and facial aesthetic regions. The size and location of the defect and the structures adjacent to the defect are assessed to…
Videos available online INTRODUCTION The upper and lower lips comprise a distinct anatomic unit that is the principal feature of the lower face. The lips play a major role in facial appearance and function. Reconstruction of the lip can present…
Videos available online INTRODUCTION Over the last decade, reconstruction of the nose has reached a high level of sophistication with enhancement of aesthetic results. This has been achieved by emphasizing the necessity of replacing surgically ablated tissue with like tissue.…
Videos available online INTRODUCTION During the past two centuries, hundreds of surgical procedures have been described for the purpose of eyelid reconstruction, perhaps because of the great value attached to the eyes and vision by our culture. The list of…
INTRODUCTION The optimal aesthetic reconstruction using a local cutaneous flap is dependent on the size of the cutaneous defect and the orientation of the flap in relationship to relaxed skin tension lines (RSTLs). The effects on surrounding facial structures from…
INTRODUCTION The epidermis, the most superficial layer of skin, consists of keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. The predominant cell type is the keratinocyte, making up 80% of the cells. Layers of the epidermis include the basal cell, prickle cell, granular cell,…