This chapter was created using the content from Neligan & Rubin, Plastic Surgery 4 th edition, Volume 2, Aesthetic, Chapter 5.3, Injectables and resurfacing techniques: Botulinum toxin (BoNT-A), Michael A. C. Kane. Introduction There are many components to the process…
History and Introduction As noted by Pessa, “there are many arbitrary definitions of what constitutes a youthful face but the appearance of youth is not arbitrary; it is simply difficult to define” . In an effort to solve any problem,…
Introduction The anatomy of the face is fairly constant. Variant anatomy is seen in the thickness of the soft tissue layers, and in the size and orientation of cartilaginous structures such as the nasal cartilages (nose), tarsal plates (eyelids), and…
Embryogenesis Embryogenesis is a dynamic multiple-step process that begins when an oocyte from a female is fertilized by the sperm from a male (the pre-embryonic period). The first 2 weeks after fertilization focus on rapid proliferation and differentiation of the…
Based on the German version from Maik Sauer, Jena 2013 (Sauer M. 2013. Statische und dynamische Sonographie der mimischen Muskulatur bei Probanden und Patienten mit peripherer Fazialisparese – Erhebung geschlechtsspezifischer Referenzbereiche [Dissertation] Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität). 1 Introduction These instructions for sonography…
Introduction Features of a natural smile include spontaneity, symmetric simultaneous superolateral excursion of the oral commissure, appropriate orientation of the nasolabial fold, and symmetrical upper and lower teeth show. , These components are compromised in patients with facial palsy and…
Periorbital Synkinesis Background Eyelid paralysis, related to facial nerve injury, is a debilitating condition that causes significant functional impairment and cosmetic disfigurement. The most common eyelid and ocular sequelae resulting from facial paralysis include upper and lower lid retraction, lagophthalmos,…
Introduction We rarely think of facial movement. It is spontaneous and emotional as it morphs effortlessly from one mood and expression to the next. Facial palsy devastates normal function, often resulting in significant functional and psychosocial consequences that negatively impact…
Acknowledgement We thank Fabian Bachl and Jakob Hochreiter for recording and editing the EMG-Videos. Parts of the presented work were supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; IRESTRA grant 16SV7209), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grant DE…
Introduction Facial palsy affects many areas of life for the individual: social, aesthetic, functional, and psychological. Management of such patients has been overwhelmingly directed to physical interventions and in order to determine the effects of any interventions, there has been…