Introduction ▪ The flexor-pronator muscle mass at the medial side of the elbow provides dynamic stability against valgus forces. Flexor-pronator tendon degeneration occurs with repetitive forced wrist extension and forearm supination during activities involving wrist flexion and forearm pronation. ▪…
Introduction ▪ This chapter reviews posterolateral rotary instability of the elbow. ▪ Elbow instability may significantly limit a patient’s function and ability to perform sports and activities of daily living. ▪ Posterolateral rotary instability has become more frequently and accurately…
Epidemiology, Anatomy, Mechanism of Injury, History, Physical Examination, and Imaging Christopher S. Ahmad, MD Justin L. Hodgins, MD Abstract Injury to the medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) of the elbow is a debilitating condition primarily affecting overhead throwing athletes. Overuse injuries to…
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Return to a throwing sport after elbow or shoulder injury can be a daunting task. Return to play rates after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction have been favorable but lower than once thought ( ). Many studies show a high return…
Introduction ▪ Surgical management of the throwing shoulder has unique challenges specific to the high demands of the overhead throwing motion. ▪ Repetitive throwing places the shoulder in extreme positions under tremendous stress that rival some of the fastest movements…
Introduction The overhead throwing motion is an intricate, highly coordinated musculoskeletal sequence placing multidirectional and supraphysiologic forces on the shoulder. In fact, the angular velocity during pitching represents the fastest human movement recorded ( ). This repetitive and highly demanding…
Introduction The pectoralis major (PM) muscle functions as a potent flexor, adductor, and internal rotator of the shoulder, as well as a dynamic stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint ( ). Although the PM is not required for activities of daily…
Introduction ▪ Injuries to the pectoralis major (PM) occur infrequently, typically in young male athletes ( ). ▪ This injury most often develops during high loads, with the arm extended, abducted, and externally rotated, while transitioning from eccentric to concentric…
Labral Repair Dustin L. Richter, MD Jourdan Cancienne, MD Stephen F. Brockmeier, MD Abstract Superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) tears are commonly a result of a traction injury and are often seen in overhead athletes. Type II SLAP tears, characterized by a…