1 What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging technology that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency (RF) current to generate three-dimensional anatomical images without the use of ionizing radiation. The components of an MRI…
General 1 What features distinguish screen-film radiography (SFR) versus computed radiography (CR) versus digital radiography (DR)? Screen-film radiography (SFR), also known as conventional or film-based radiography, utilizes a light-sensitive silver halide–coated film placed within a cassette containing two intensifying screens,…
1 What are the major objectives of spinal imaging tests? Common reasons to order spinal imaging studies are to: 1. Rule out serious spinal pathology, such as tumor or infection. 2. Screen the spinal column for injuries following trauma. 3.…
1 Distinguish between impairment, disability, and handicap. An impairment is the “deviation of an anatomic structure, physiologic function, intellectual capability, or emotional status from that which the individual possessed prior to an alteration in those structures or functions or from…
1 What is a spinal deformity? A spinal deformity is an abnormality of the alignment, formation, or shape of the spinal column. Traditionally, spinal deformities have been classified into those that predominantly affect the coronal plane (e.g., idiopathic scoliosis) and…
Thoracic spine examination 1 What are the most common reasons for referral to evaluate the thoracic spinal region? Pain and spinal deformity. The differential diagnosis of thoracic pain is extensive and includes both spinal and nonspinal etiologies. Spinal deformities (e.g.,…
1 How does the evaluation of a patient with a spine complaint begin? A complete history and physical examination are performed. The purpose of the history and physical examination is to make a provisional diagnosis that is confirmed by subsequent…
Osteology 1 Describe a typical lumbar vertebra. The vertebral bodies are kidney shaped with the transverse diameter exceeding the anteroposterior diameter ( Fig. 3.1 ). The vertebral body may be divided by an imaginary line passing beneath the pedicles into…
Osteology 1 Describe a typical thoracic vertebra. T1 and T10 through T12 possess unique anatomic features due to their transitional location between the cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar spinal regions, respectively. Thoracic vertebra two through nine are termed typical thoracic vertebra because…
Osteology 1 Describe the bony landmarks of the occiput. The occiput forms the posterior osseous covering for the cerebellum. The foramen magnum is the opening through which the spinal cord joins the brainstem. The anterior border of the foramen magnum…