Key Points The physiologic range of motion (ROM) of the hip is affected by many morphologic and soft tissue factors that are not well understood. Clearly, systemic factors, such as age and joint degeneration, impair motion. However, ethnicity, sex, and…
Spinal navigation 1 Briefly outline the development of spinal navigation. Spinal navigation was introduced in the early 1990s as advances in computer-based technologies enabled a transition from frame-based systems developed for cranial surgery to frameless navigation systems. First-generation frameless systems…
1 What is ankylosing spondylitis? Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a seronegative inflammatory rheumatic disease that affects the sacroiliac joints, spine, and peripheral joints. Eponyms for AS include Marie-Strümpell disease and von Bechterew disease. AS is a subtype of a group…
1 What is rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder of uncertain etiology that affects the synovium of joints. It is an immunologically mediated systemic disorder that affects articular and nonarticular organ systems. The articular involvement…
1 How are spinal infections classified? Host immune response: Pyogenic versus granulomatous Anatomic location: Vertebral body, disc, epidural space, subdural space, facet joint, paraspinous soft tissue Infectious route: Hematogenous, local extension, direct inoculation Host age: Pediatric versus adult Duration: Acute…
1 What is the incidence of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures? Vertebral compression fractures are the most common fractures due to osteoporosis. Vertebral fractures are two to three times more prevalent than hip or wrist fractures. It is estimated that a…
Bone basics—structure, function, and homeostasis 1 What are some major functions of bone? Major bone functions include: Mineral storage (i.e., calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) Protection of internal organs from injury (i.e., brain, spinal cord, viscera) Provide support to the body by…
1 What is the most common tumor of the spine? Metastatic lesions are the most common tumors of the spine. Metastatic lesions account for over 90% of all spinal column tumors. Spine metastases are the most common type of skeletal…
1 What types of tumors arise in the spine? Primary tumors and secondary tumors. 2 What is the difference between primary and secondary tumors of the spine? Primary tumors of the spine arise de novo in the osseous, cartilaginous, neural,…
Spinal cord tumors 1 How does one describe the anatomic location of a spine tumor? Spine tumors are localized according to the anatomic compartment in which they occur: extradural , intradural-extramedullary , or intramedullary ( Figs. 61.1 and 61.2 ).…