Introduction The diagnosis of a nerve entrapment lesion arising at the elbow can be relatively straightforward if the history, physical examination, electromyographic (EMG) and imaging studies, when indicated, all confirm the diagnosis and the localization of the lesion. However, when…
Introduction The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex is one of the main structures implicated in the stability of the elbow joint. Insufficiency of the LCL complex is present in many patients with elbow instability. Several basic science and clinical studies…
Introduction The relationship of olecranon spur removal and medial ulnar collateral ligament injury was first recognized by Andrews. It is well known that valgus instability resulting from excessive removal of the medial corner of the olecranon is extremely difficult, if…
Introduction Elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction is a successful treatment for overhead athletes with UCL injuries. Although excellent results can be expected in approximately 85% of patients, there is a rather high complication rate. Cain et al. reported complications in…
Introduction The medial ulnar collateral ligament (MCL) of the elbow is the primary stabilizer to valgus stress and is most commonly injured in the overhead-throwing athlete. Ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency is surgically managed with MCL reconstruction, or “Tommy John surgery,”…
Introduction Activities such as throwing, lifting, and gymnastics generate large stresses across the elbow joint, which can result in a multitude of pathologies. In skeletally immature athletes, these stresses, combined with the developing bony anatomy and unique physeal biomechanics, lead…
Introduction Throwing places unique demands on the elbow, resulting in predictable injury patterns. In the late cocking and early acceleration phases of throwing, valgus torques are estimated to reach 64 N-m and angular velocities of 5000 degrees per second as…
Anatomy of the Triceps Tendon The triceps muscle is composed of three muscle heads, hence its name. The lateral, long, and medial heads of the triceps have a common insertion, the triceps tendon proper, on the posterior part of the…
Introduction Distal biceps tendon ruptures are relatively rare injuries, with a reported incidence of about one per 100,000 persons per year. Most injuries occur in male laborers and athletes, with a peak incidence in the fourth and fifth decades. Several…
Introduction Injuries to the distal biceps tendon were at one time thought to be rare. Presently, however, these injuries are relatively common. This increase in the identification of distal biceps tendon injuries is multifactorial and likely due to improved patient…