Introduction To provide a comprehensive analysis of the knee condition and the effect of a treatment protocol on a knee injury or disorder, authors have suggested that rating systems measure a variety of symptoms, sports and daily activity functions, and…
Introduction Critical Points Introduction Many knee-specific scales and rating systems have been published in the last decade with acceptable psychometric properties for a variety of diagnoses. Scales rate specific activities, such as sports or daily functions. Rating systems provide a…
Introduction Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is the term that refers to a painful and disabling disorder that was first described during the United States Civil War. Nomenclature relating to CRPS has varied over the years and has included Sudeck's…
Introduction Critical Points Introduction Nerves are at risk of injury from: Blunt force directed at the knee Stretch/traction injury of the knee joint Inversion sprain to the ankle Open or arthroscopic knee surgery Approach: knee pain that exists after musculoskeletal…
Introduction Critical Points Introduction Arthrofibrosis implies a loss of knee flexion, extension, or both compared with the contralateral normal knee. Primary arthrofibrosis is caused by an exaggerated inflammatory response to an injury or surgical procedure followed by the production of…
Indications Patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA) is a viable option for symptomatic patients in whom severe joint damage and loss of joint space are present in the patellofemoral (PF) compartment but not the tibiofemoral compartments. Although early reports of this procedure were…
Introduction What is Rotational Malalignment? The geometry of bones is normally viewed in the three cardinal planes: frontal (coronal), sagittal, and transverse (horizontal, Fig. 36-1 ). The mechanical axis of the lower extremity from the femoral head center to the…
Indications Critical Points Indications Majority of patients with patellofemoral disorders respond favorably to conservative measures. Surgery required for recalcitrant cases with specific anatomic abnormalities that require correction. Patellar malalignment: a translational or rotational deviation of the patella relative to any…
Introduction Water has been used for healing, spiritual, and religious purposes since at least 2400 bc . Water was used by the people of Asia to combat fevers as early as 1500 bc . Hippocrates (460-375 BC) used water for…
Introduction Articular cartilage defects of the knee appear to be an increasing cause of pain and functional disability in orthopedics and sports medicine. This pathology creates a significant challenge to the health care team, especially the physician who must decide…