Blinking is a high-speed closure movement of the eyelids of short duration and has both reflex and spontaneous origins. Reflex blinking can be elicited by a variety of external stimuli, such as strong lights, approaching objects, loud noises and corneal,…
Although grading performance can be enhanced by interpolation to the nearest 0.1 grade unit, most practitioners find the process of mental interpolation between two discrete grading steps to be quite difficult, notwithstanding the fact that this task becomes easier with…
In all health care disciplines, it is important to record as accurately as possible the clinical signs observed in patients. Classically, this has involved a discursive account of the condition being entered on a record card. The severity of the…
The slit lamp biomicroscope has been the primary instrument for examining the anterior ocular structures since its invention in the early part of the 20th century. In particular, this versatile instrument is invaluable in assessing the effect of contact lens…
Epicanthus and/or telecanthus Choice of operation Correct large epicanthic folds with a Mustardé double Z -plasty ( 18.1 ). Smaller folds may be corrected with the simpler Y – V plasty ( 18.2 ). In congenital telecanthus the medial canthal…
Introduction An alternative to the separate reconstruction of each lamella of an eyelid is to use a flap which combines both lamellae. These flaps are taken only from the lower lid for reconstruction of the upper lid. Choice of operation…
Introduction In a full-thickness reconstruction of the upper or lower eyelid it is important to reconstruct the posterior lamella of the lid to give support to the reconstructed anterior lamella. In the upper lid it is essential that the posterior…
Introduction The eyelids have two lamellae – an anterior lamella of skin and orbicularis muscle and a posterior lamella of tarsal plate and conjunctiva. Partial-thickness defects of the lid or periocular region require reconstruction of only the anterior covering layer.…
Introduction In this chapter the direct closure of defects of the eyelid margin is described. Smaller defects may be closed directly without additional tissue. Larger lid margin defects may be closed directly with the addition of extra tissue from beyond…
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