Introduction Although most of the time the cause of a red eye in infancy is easily identified, uncomplicated and treatable, occasionally the underlying problem is serious, with potential risks for visual development or even the patient’s life. Clinical suspicion and…
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For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction Abnormal eye movements in the infant or young child can be congenital or acquired. They may be associated with abnormal early visual development, or a sign…
For videos accompanying this chapter and supplementary materials see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction Nystagmus consists of rhythmic ocular oscillations. Pathological nystagmus is involuntary, although it may be modulated when performing certain tasks such as reading. Infantile…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction Strabismus surgery is generally considered safe. It is, after all, a superficial, peribulbar procedure, involving surgery to the conjunctiva, Tenon’s capsule, extraocular muscle tendons, and anterior…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction The surgical management of patients with strabismus begins with a careful history and examination to understand current patient concerns, past treatments, and to gain an understanding…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. The management of strabismus in children and adults includes a range of surgical and non-surgical strategies. Non-surgical methods are less invasive and can be used to reduce…
Introduction Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disorder of neuromuscular transmission of skeletal muscles. Fatigability and variability of skeletal muscle weakness are hallmarks of MG. MG in children is classified by the three different pathophysiological mechanisms: transient neonatal myasthenia, congenital myasthenic…
Introduction Childhood cranial nerve palsies represent one of the more difficult evaluation and management challenges in pediatric ophthalmology. Severity and acuity of pediatric cranial nerve palsies can range from those that simply can be observed, to those that could represent…
For video accompanying this chapter and supplementary materials see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction The term “congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders” (CCDDs) refers to a group of congenital, non-progressive disorders resulting from developmental abnormalities of one or more…