Introduction The combination of hand and eye defects is not uncommon and may accompany several genetic disorders that include chromosomal abnormalities (trisomy 21, 18, and 13) and monogenic disorders. Interrogating The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) for “hand and…
Introduction The medical term for an abnormal head posture (AHP) is “torticollis,” from the Latin tortus (twisted) and collum (neck). Torticollis from eye-related problems is termed “ocular torticollis.” The assessment of AHP in a child is often multidisciplinary, involving input…
Introduction The infant with wobbly eyes is worrisome. While the majority have a benign etiology, this presentation may indicate severe neurological disease or even potentially lethal underlying malignancy. It is important therefore to have a diagnostic rationale for this problem.…
Introduction Unusual visual experiences are not rare in children, but are often difficult to interpret due to the difficulty for the child to express the peculiar sensation. Most complaints will be of a benign and usually transient nature, requiring only…
Introduction Deafblindness or dual sensory loss (DSL) is a combined vision and hearing disability; affected children have complete or incomplete loss of hearing and/or vision. It can be congenital or acquired. Congenital deafblindness is defined as blind and deaf from…
Mode of presentation When the teacher contacts parents with a suspicion that their child has visual problems, two scenarios occur: either the parents get worried and embarrassed, or they deny the problem as many parents think that they know best.…
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Up to 20% of infants have a watery eye in the first month of life. The vast majority have an outflow problem such as congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNDO); the rest may have potentially serious problems, leading to increased tear…
Introduction The child who appears to hate bright light is often experiencing photophobia, an unpleasant or painful sensory disturbance evoked by light, but may have other related painless sensations including dazzle, glare or delayed adaptation to light. Their behavior may…
Introduction Excessive blinking is a common reason for children to attend the ophthalmologist. The diagnosis is usually apparent after a careful history and examination. The vast majority of the time, the child will have a blinking tic, or an exacerbation…