[* Deceased. The editors and Elsevier note with sadness the untimely death of Francisco Fantes who co-authored the first edition of this chapter.] Summary Antifibrotic agents are extremely useful in lowering intraocular pressure in eyes unlikely to achieve success with…
9.1 Blood pressure measurement Hypertension, the most common cause of mortality in the developed world, is a major contributing factor in stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, heart failure, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and peripheral arterial disease. , Hypertension affects about…
The vast majority of patients examined in optometry practice have normal, healthy eyes. This chapter presents information about some of the subtle variations that occur in the normal eye and presents changes that commonly occur with normal ageing. To discriminate…
7.1 Examination of the anterior segment and ocular adnexa This includes the eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, tear layer, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, crystalline lens, and anterior vitreous. 7.1.1 The evidence base: When and how to assess the anterior segment and adnexa…
Tests of accommodation and binocular vision are presented together in this chapter because, from a problem-oriented examination viewpoint, it is frequently not obvious whether a patient’s signs and symptoms are primarily accommodative or binocular in origin. Core or ‘entrance’ tests…
Patient preference for contact lenses over glasses is common owing to perceived conveniences (i.e., no spectacle fogging, can see better in rain, can wear off-the-shelf sunglasses) as well as improvements in appearance and abilities in sports. There is a relatively…
4.1 Focimetry (vertometry or lensometry) The instrument used to measure lens power , optical centres, and any prism in glasses has been known by a variety of trade names including refractionometer, dioptrescope, and ultimeter, but currently the most commonly used…
3.1 Distance visual acuity Visual acuity (VA), which is a measure of the patient’s ability to resolve fine detail, is the most commonly used measurement of visual function. Distance and reading VAs are used to assess the adequacy of glasses…
2.1 Turning anxious patients into satisfied ones 2.1.1 Patient satisfaction is linked to good communication skills The research literature consistently indicates that patient satisfaction is linked with clinicians having good communication skills: being able to explain diagnoses, prognoses, treatment, and…
Family History These questions refer to your parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren, brothers, sisters, aunts, and uncles. Has anyone in your family had: Cancer Yes No Diabetes Yes No Allergies Yes No Arthritis or rheumatism Yes No Syphilis Yes No Tuberculosis…