Introduction Description: Anovulation is characterized by the absence of ovulation in women of reproductive age. Prevalence: Up to 25% of couples who are infertile. Predominant Age: Reproductive age. Genetics: No genetic pattern. Some chromosomal abnormalities are associated with premature ovarian…
Introduction Description: Patients with androgen insensitivity have a normal male karyotype but a genetic alteration that results in somatic cells that cannot recognize or respond to testosterone. This results in a normal female phenotype, absent uterus, and scant (or absent)…
Introduction Description: Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of normal menstruation in a patient with previously established cycles. Prevalence: Common. Predominant Age: Reproductive age (menarche to menopause). Genetics: No genetic pattern. Etiology and Pathogenesis Causes: Most common—pregnancy. Other causes—end organ: Asherman…
Introduction Description: Primary amenorrhea is the absence of normal menstruation in a patient without previously established cycles. Prevalence: Uncommon. Predominant Age: Mid to late teens. Genetics: One-third caused by chromosomal abnormalities such as 45,XO, 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, or 46,XX q5…
Introduction Description: Paget disease of the breast is a malignant process that involves the nipple and areola. It may also rarely involve the skin of the vulva. Paget disease is named for the 19th-century British doctor Sir James Paget, who,…
Introduction Description: Nipple discharge is a distressing symptom that accounts for approximately 5% of breast complaints. Prevalence: 3%–5% of breast problems; 5% of women who are not lactating; more than 80% of women can express secretions, third most common breast…
Introduction Description: Mondor disease, or superficial angiitis, is a superficial thrombophlebitis of the breast. Prevalence: Uncommon, considered to occur in up to 0.8% of women. Predominant Age: 30–60 years. Genetics: No genetic pattern. Etiology and Pathogenesis Causes: Phlebitis is most…
Introduction Description: Mastalgia is the nonspecific term that is used for breast pain of any etiology. Although breast pain frequently occurs to nursing mothers, the terms are generally reserved for non–pregnancy related symptoms. Prevalence: Most women (70%) experience breast pain…
Introduction Description: Mastitis is an infection of one or more ductal complexes of the breast, generally associated with breastfeeding and potentially causing significant morbidity if not recognized and aggressively treated. Prevalence: 2%–10% of women who are breastfeeding after delivery. Hospitalization…
The Challenge The challenge in mammography is to effectively use mammography to detect occult disease. Scope of the Problem: First developed in 1965 the widespread use of mammography has been credited with reducing the mortality rate of breast cancer by…