Acknowledgments Carrie Haverty provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Introduction The primary challenge of cell-free DNA (“cfDNA”) based prenatal testing (commonly called noninvasive prenatal testing or NIPT) is to identify fetal chromosomal anomalies from maternal plasma samples, where maternal cfDNA…
Acknowledgments Clement Chu and Mark Theilmann provided helpful comments on the manuscript. Introduction The core goal of cell-free DNA based prenatal testing (at its introduction called “NIPT”) is to provide minimally invasive, clinically accurate, and financially accessible screening for fetal…
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Description Vacuum-assisted birth is a method of assisting or expediting vaginal vertex birth through the application of a vacuum-assist device. Operative vaginal birth can be faster and safer than cesarean birth in many cases. Discussion here is limited to vacuum-assisted…
Description Simple urodynamic testing involves the measurement of bladder function that is conducted using simple equipment readily found in an office setting. Indications Urinary incontinence (stress, urge, mixed, overflow). May be used as an adjunct to the evaluation of interstitial…
Description Complex urodynamic testing involves the measurement of bladder function that is conducted using specialized equipment or techniques. Indications Urinary incontinence (stress, urge, mixed, overflow). May be used as an adjunct to the evaluation of interstitial cystitis or other urinary…
Description Injection of steroids or local anesthetics into selected fascial and subcutaneous locations thought to give rise to pain and other symptoms. Response to trigger point injection routinely persists longer than the duration of action of the agent used. This…
Description Transvaginal (also called endovaginal) ultrasonography is a technique for ultrasonographic visualization of the uterus and adnexa using an ultrasonographic probe placed in the vaginal canal. The superior resolution of transvaginal ultrasonography derives from the proximity of the ultrasonographic transducer,…
Description Etonogestrel subdermal contraceptive implants provide reliable reversible contraception, but they must be removed after 3 years of use or if a return to fertility is desired. Indications Desired return of fertility or the completion of the useful life of…
Description The etonogestrel implant (Nexplanon) is a single-rod progestin contraceptive placed under the skin of the inner upper arm that provides up to 3 years of reversible contraception. The implant is a 40- × 2-mm semirigid ethylene vinyl acetate rod…