Introduction This chapter will address general anatomical principles as well as cover detailed anatomy relevant to the obstetrician and gynaecologist and the Membership of Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (MRCOG) exams. Particular attention is given to how this knowledge…
Introduction The subject of fetal and placental physiology encompasses a large and complex branch of the reproductive sciences, and any one of the subsections below could form the subject of an entire textbook. The concepts described here should aid the…
Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis The process of fertilisation involves the union of female and male gametes, the ovum and spermatozoon, respectively. In humans there is a ready supply of spermatozoa constantly available from the normal healthy male after the age of…
Clinical genetics is the specialty concerned with the diagnosis and investigation of disorders which are thought to have a genetic basis. The clinical genetics team is multidisciplinary and consists of consultants and specialist registrars working closely with genetic counsellors and…
This chapter will provide a basic introduction to the human genome and some of the tools used to analyse it. Genomics and molecular biology have developed rapidly during the last few decades, and this chapter will highlight some of these…
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Instrumentation The rigid urethroscope is a modification of the cystoscope, designed exclusively for evaluation of the urethra ( Fig. 120.1 ). Because it is primarily a diagnostic instrument, it does not have a bridge. The telescope is shorter and has…
A number of complications may be associated with laparoscopic surgery. Several of these iatrogenic injuries are unique and peculiar to the laparoscopic procedure itself (i.e., separate from the major surgical objective). For example, total abdominal hysterectomy is associated with the…
The application of laparoscopic technology for advanced gynecologic operations resulted in significant patient benefits including reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stay, and a faster recovery as compared with laparotomy. Laparoscopic technology, however, had inherent drawbacks, which resulted in slow incorporation…
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