Physical Address

304 North Cardinal St.
Dorchester Center, MA 02124

Category Obstetrics and Gynecology

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Lower urinary tract function and disorders: Physiology of Micturition, Voiding Dysfunction, Urinary Incontinence, Urinary Tract Infections, and Painful Bladder Syndrome

Key points Continence is determined by the balance between forces that maintain urethral closure and those that affect detrusor function. Parasympathetic nervous system activity via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine stimulates receptors in the bladder wall to activate detrusor contraction. Sympathetic nervous…

Comprehensive Gynecology
January 2, 2024

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Pelvic organ prolapse, abdominal hernias, and inguinal hernias: Diagnosis and Management

Key points Pelvic organ prolapse is defined as the descent of one or more compartments of the vagina: the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, uterus (cervix), or apex (vaginal vault or cuff scar after hysterectomy). Pelvic organ prolapse often…

Comprehensive Gynecology
January 2, 2024

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Endometriosis: Etiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, Management

Key points Endometriosis is a benign, usually progressive, and sometimes recurrent disease that invades locally and disseminates widely. Causes include retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia, vascular metastasis, immunologic changes, iatrogenic dissemination, and a genetic predisposition. Endometriosis lesions produce estrogen locally and…

Comprehensive Gynecology
January 2, 2024

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Benign gynecologic lesions: Vulva, Vagina, Cervix, Uterus, Oviduct, Ovary, Ultrasound Imaging of Pelvic Structures

Key points The most common large cyst of the vulva is a cystic dilation of an obstructed Bartholin duct, with a lifetime risk estimated to be 2%. These cysts occur most often during the third decade. Inflamed cysts may be…

Comprehensive Gynecology
January 2, 2024

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Ectopic pregnancy : Etiology, Pathology, Diagnosis, Management, Fertility Prognosis

Key points The rate of ectopic pregnancy in the United States has remained fairly constant since the early 2000s and is approximately 6.6 in 1000 pregnancies in women aged 15 to 24. Risks of ectopic pregnancy include age, smoking, pelvic…

Comprehensive Gynecology
January 2, 2024

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Early and recurrent pregnancy loss: Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment

Key points Pregnancy loss affects approximately 10% to 30% of all clinically recognized pregnancies, with nearly 80% occurring in the first trimester. The majority of pregnancy losses are sporadic and result from genetic causes that are greatly influenced by maternal…

Comprehensive Gynecology
January 2, 2024

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Breast diseases: Detection, Management, and Surveillance of Breast Disease

Key points The breast consists of approximately 20% glandular tissue and 80% fat and connective tissue; increasing proportions of fibroglandular to fatty tissues are the mark of denser breasts. Breast density is associated with increased risks of malignancy. Lymph drainage…

Comprehensive Gynecology
January 2, 2024

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Menopause and care of the mature woman: Endocrinology, Consequences of Estrogen Deficiency, Effects of Hormone Therapy, and Other Treatment Options

Key points The average age of menopause in the United States is 51.3 years; it is younger in certain ethnic groups, and is genetically predetermined and is not related to the number of ovulations, race, socioeconomic conditions, education, height, weight,…

Comprehensive Gynecology
January 2, 2024

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Contraception and abortion

Key points Approximately 45% of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended, and among women who experience unintended pregnancy, more than half are not using contraception. By age 45, at least half of U.S. women will experience an unintended…

Comprehensive Gynecology
January 2, 2024

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Pediatric and adolescent gynecology: Gynecologic Examination, Infections, Trauma, Pelvic Mass, Precocious Puberty

Key points It is important to give the child a sense that she will be in control of the examination process. Emphasize that the most important part of the examination is just “looking” and that there will be conversation during…

Comprehensive Gynecology
January 2, 2024