Acknowledgment The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Thomas Kelly, MD, for his work on the previous edition of this chapter. Epidemiology Since the 1960s a stunning increase in obesity has plagued the United States. Overall rates of overweight and…
Global Prevalence of Diabetes An epidemic of diabetes continues to sweep the globe in parallel with an epidemic of obesity. In 2019 it was estimated that there were 463 million people with diabetes worldwide, over 4 million deaths attributable to…
Proper functioning of the cardiorespiratory system is imperative to achieve adequate oxygenation of maternal and fetal tissues. The maternal cardiorespiratory system undergoes significant changes during gestation to optimize oxygen delivery to the fetus and maternal tissues. Pulmonary disease is one…
Pregnancy induces many changes to both renal function and physiology. Physiologic adaptations to the renal system that occur in normal pregnancy are the subject of Chapter 9 . The focus of this chapter is to describe the effects of various…
Overview of Cancer in Pregnancy It is estimated that 1 in 1000 pregnancies are complicated by a diagnosis of cancer. Approximately 30% of pregnancy-associated cancers are diagnosed antepartum, with the remainder diagnosed in the postpartum period. Of women with cancer…
Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin (Hb) value less than the lower limit of normal not explained by the state of hydration. This definition has physiologic validity, in that it is the amount of Hb per unit volume of blood…
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System reports that pregnancy-related deaths in the United States have risen from 7.2 per 100,000 live births in 1987 to 17.3 per 100,000 live births in 2013 and stabilized…
Acquired and inherited disorders of the hemostatic system can produce hemorrhage and thrombosis. , Inherited and acquired thrombophilias are associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE), a leading cause of maternal death in the United States, and may be associated with recurrent…
Diagnosis of Heart Disease in Pregnancy Pregnant women with heart disease are at higher risk for cardiovascular complications during pregnancy and also have a higher incidence of neonatal complications. However, the significant hemodynamic changes that accompany pregnancy make the diagnosis…
Select infections during pregnancy carry risks to pregnant individuals, the pregnancy itself, the fetus, and the neonate. The term TORCH, ( t oxoplasmosis, o ther, r ubella, c ytomegalovirus, h erpes simplex virus) was coined in 1971 to categorize pathogens…