Study Guidelines 1. Describe the components of the static labyrinth and its primary role. 2. Describe the components of the dynamic labyrinth and its primary role. 3. Describe the procedure for performing a warm water caloric test . Introduction The…
Study Guidelines Comments on the last four cranial nerves in ascending order: 1. The hypoglossal nerve is the motor to the tongue. The spinal accessory nerve is the motor to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. 2. The cranial accessory nerve…
Study Guidelines 1. This chapter largely deals with the identification of structures in transverse sections of the brainstem. A separate study guide is provided for the sections. 2. Four brainstem decussations should recall those described in Box 3.1 . 3.…
Study Guidelines 1. Reproduce the tracts descending the spinal cord and recall that each is strategically placed for access to its particular set of motor neurons, in accordance with the layout in Fig. 16.7 . 2. Identify target neurons selected…
Study Guidelines 1. Recognise that the mature spinal cord is not segmented internally. 2. Recall that the ventral horn cells take the form of columns rather than laminae. 3. Recognise that ‘unconscious sensation’ remove simply means that the ascending afferent…
Study Guidelines 1. Describe the fate of immature neurons during embryonic development within the developing spinal cord (some send out ventral roots, others project along the marginal zone to form fibre tracts) and of the neural crest. 2. Outline the…
Study Guidelines 1. Resolve the paradox that, despite an outflow restricted to 14 or 15 ventral roots, all 31 spinal nerve trunks acquire sympathetic fibres. 2. Appreciate that the sympathetic ganglia along the abdominal aorta are activated by preganglionic fibres,…
Study Guidelines 1. Review the electrical events of action potentials, described in Chapter 7 , as it applies to the basic principles described here. 2. Describe the performance of a motor or sensory nerve conduction study (NCS) and predict the…
Study Guidelines 1. Define sensory unit, sensory overlap, receptive field, and receptor adaptation. 2. State locations and properties of the three kinds of encapsulated receptor. 3. Sketch a hair follicle with its nerve palisade and rings. 4. Name two kinds…
Study Guidelines 1. Be able to outline the differences in motor units with respect to movements of all kinds and with respect to the functional significance of their sizes and muscle chemistries. 2. Sketch a motor end plate, indicating the…