Introduction Traditionally, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been performed by using frame-based stereotaxy in an awake patient. Frame-based stereotaxy has been the technique of choice due to its perceived superior accuracy over “frameless” approaches, while awake testing was deemed essential…
Introduction Optogenetics is defined as the use of light-based technologies that are genetically targeted to certain cellular groups or proteins ( ). In practice, optogenetics most often refers to the use of genetically modified, microbial rhodopsins (pigmented light-sensitive membrane proteins)…
Introduction Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for movement disorders with distinct advantages over best medical therapy and lesioning procedures ( ). In Parkinson disease (PD), for example, in addition to improving motor symptoms, DBS improves the overall…
Rehabilitation Gaming Can Address Major Care Disparities Upper extremity motor disability following damage to the brain makes everyday tasks such as dressing and preparing meals extremely challenging and time-consuming to accomplish. These difficulties exert notable effects on a person’s quality…
Introduction Neuromodulation systems rely on external control systems to adjust parameters, which control their output. Observation of the patient’s response to stimulation, or the patient’s own perception of stimulation, is used to manually adjust stimulation levels or other parameters to…
Introduction High-intensity focused ultrasound is a transformative technology for noninvasive therapeutic thermal ablation using ultrasonic waves. The response of the tissue varies depending on the energy delivery to the treatment area, ranging from transient inhibition to therapeutic ablation. In recent…
Introduction One billion people worldwide have a neurologic disorder ( ), and despite great demand for effective therapies, treatment options for these disorders remain quite limited. Interventions to deliver genes to the nervous system that permanently restore function are a…
Introduction There have been many new developments in the invasive brain–computer interface (BCI) field with respect to computational and processing methods that have deepened our understanding of how the brain works and allowed neural signals to be deciphered and harnessed…
KEY FACTS Imaging Erosions of dens, uncovertebral joints, facet joints Atlantoaxial instability in 20-86% patients with RA Atlantoaxial subluxation in 5% of cervical RA Cranial settling occurs in 5-8% of RA patients Lower cervical spine: Facet and uncovertebral joint erosions,…
KEY FACTS Terminology Defects in pars interarticularis (PI) thought to result from repetitive stress injury Pars is junction of pedicle, lamina, and facet Imaging Most common at L5: 80-90% Discontinuity in neck of “Scotty dog” on oblique plain films Elongation…