This chapter provides an overview of disorders that have both neurologic and cutaneous manifestations, the latter often reducing what would have been a broad differential diagnosis into a single entity. Because the emphasis is on diagnosis by a neurologist, the…
The most common endocrine disorders causing neurologic disease are thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus, which are addressed in Chapter 18, Chapter 19 . Nevertheless, sex hormone, pituitary, parathyroid, and adrenal disorders may have important neurologic implications or consequences and are…
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus commonly target the nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, complications include polyneuropathies and focal neuropathies. In the central nervous system (CNS), diabetes may be associated with cognitive decline, leukoencephalopathy, and heightened…
Disorders of the thyroid gland are common and arefrequently accompanied by neurologic complications. Prevalence estimations have suggested that 1 to 2 percent of general medical, geriatric, and psychiatric inpatients have some form of thyroid disease. Neurologists should be aware of…
Electrolyte disturbances are frequent and associated with a variety of central and peripheral neurologic manifestations. Electrolyte disturbances are usually secondary processes related to a primary metabolic or endocrine disorder. Effective management requires prompt identification and treatment of the underlying primary…
The neurologic aspects of renal disease and the neurologic complications of dialysis and renal transplantation are discussed in this chapter. The neurologic complications of renal carcinoma are not considered, but paraneoplastic complications of malignancy are considered in Chapter 27 ,…
Maintenance of medical and neurologic health requires adequate ingestion, absorption, and storage of vitamins and minerals. Nutritional deficiencies may result from inadequate intake or malabsorption of critical vitamins and micronutrients. Individuals at risk for deficient nutrient intake include the impoverished…
Interactions Between the Extrinsic Nervous System and the Gut The major functions of the gastrointestinal tract (motor, fluid and electrolyte transport, secretory, storage, and excretory functions) result from an intricately balanced series of control mechanisms ( Fig. 14-1 ): the…
The presence of gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction in the setting of neurologic disease has received increasing attention in recent years, particularly in disorders such as Parkinson disease. Much less attention has been devoted to the occurrence of neurologic dysfunction in primary…
Hepatic Encephalopathy Definition The term hepatic encephalopathy (HE) refers to any type of cerebral dysfunction that is due to liver insufficiency and/or portosystemic shunting and is detectable by clinical, neuropsychologic, or neurophysiologic means. Three types of HE are differentiated based…