Introduction One of the less commonly discussed areas of neuromodulation, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is nonetheless probably its fastest growing direction, at least in the field of pain treatment. The approach, which is still considered novel and experimental by many,…
Introduction Neuromodulation and specifically epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) represented a fundamental change in the thought process behind pain control given that primarily irreversible ablative procedures had been used historically. The benefits of SCS include being reversible and adjustable. Advances…
Introduction The notion that functional brain disorders can be treated by modulating the activity of subcortical brain regions is nearly a century old. Meyers is credited with performing the first transventricular lesions of the basal ganglia [ ], but it…
Chapter 2 Stimulation of the brain cortex has emerged as one of the most promising avenues for palliation of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Cortical stimulation (CS) can be administered either noninvasively (NICS) ( Box 2.1 ) or invasively (ICS) [ ,…
Introduction Neuromodulation means many things to many people—but essential to any point of view is that the term implies some type of intervention that interfaces on some level with the nervous system of the patient and modifies function with the…
Nerve Conduction Studies: Normal Adult Values Upper Extremity Studies Motor Studies Nerve Record Amplitude (mV) Conduction Velocity (m/s) Distal Latency (ms) Distal Distance (cm) Median Abductor pollicis brevis (APB) ≥4.0 ≥49 ≤4.4 7 Ulnar Abductor digiti minimi (ADM) ≥6.0 ≥49…
Electrodiagnostic (EDX) studies are generally well tolerated and rarely associated with any significant side effects. Most nerve conduction studies (NCSs) use surface stimulating and recording electrodes, which are not invasive. However, electrical current is applied to the patient when stimulating…
In the office, hospital, and home, we are surrounded by equipment, appliances, and many other devices powered by electricity. Although knowledge of electricity and electronics is not needed to watch television, talk on the telephone, or use a toaster, these…
In conjunction with the clinical examination, electrodiagnostic (EDX) studies frequently play a key role in the evaluation of neuromuscular disorders in infants and children. Indeed, there are a large number of neuromuscular disorders that present in the pediatric age group.…
The majority of electrodiagnostic (EDX) studies are performed on outpatients, even in those electromyography (EMG) laboratories that are physically located within a hospital. However, an increasing number of EDX studies are done on patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).…