Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, including those receiving dialysis, have a substantially higher prevalence of hypothyroidism compared to their non-CKD counterparts (i.e., 25% vs. 5%, respectively). However, there is often underrecognition of this metabolic disorder in dialysis patients, given…
Introduction Patients with end-stage kidney disease on maintenance dialysis show a variety of acute and chronic diseases of the liver. Viral hepatitis continues to be the most frequently recognized cause of liver damage in patients on regular dialysis; the most…
Introduction Individuals aged 65 years or older comprise a significant proportion of those presenting with kidney failure and starting dialysis. In this chapter, we summarize data relating to key geriatric syndromes that are more commonly seen with kidney failure and…
Introduction: The Diabetic End-Stage Kidney Disease Population The prevalence of diabetes continues to increase in both developed and developing countries. End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is the most recognizable result of diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with diabetes mellitus are…
Introduction Dyslipidemia is commonly observed in adults treated with hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). The most prevalent pattern is increased plasma triglyceride concentrations (linked to an accumulation of triglyceride-enriched apolipoprotein-B particles) and decreased plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL).…
Introduction The prevalence and severity of cardiovascular disease in the dialysis population are well appreciated and present one of the defining therapeutic challenges in nephrology. It is also one of the most difficult issues to approach—the unique pathophysiologic processes underpinning…
Introduction Cardiovascular disease is exceedingly common in patients with kidney failure on maintenance dialysis and is the leading cause of death in this patient population. The rate of cardiovascular death in patients with kidney failure is substantially higher than that…
Cardiac rhythm disturbances are common in dialysis. Multiple studies have shown a high prevalence of ventricular and atrial ectopy and conduction abnormalities in hemodialysis patients, reflecting both the proarrhythmic nature of the hemodialysis process itself and the high burden of…
Introduction Hypertension is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) that increases in prevalence as CKD progresses, and it is nearly universal in patients with kidney failure. The hemodialysis (HD) procedure itself induces hemodynamic changes throughout the course of…
There are many types of cystic diseases of the kidney, but a specific form often occurs in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients. Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) is defined by the presence of four or more renal cysts for both…