Introduction Embryogenesis results from the divergent proliferation, migration, survival, and differentiation of cells derived from a single cell, the fertilized egg. Regulatory signals, applied to successive generations of cells, establish the architecture of the early embryo. The same processes are…
Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Stanley Kaplan for his valuable contributions to the previous edition of this chapter. Introduction The human embryo begins as a single large cell, approximately 0.1 mm in diameter, just visible to the unaided eye. During the…
Principles of Epigenetics Introduction to Epigenetics The publication of the majority of the human genome sequence in 2001 , was the precursor to many important discoveries. However, the human genome sequence has not provided researchers with the codex to fully…
Introduction The human genome refers to the complete set of human DNA (with the suffix -ome arising from the Greek for “all” or “complete”). A copy of our genome comprises approximately 3 billion base pairs (bp) and about 20,000 protein-coding…
Keywords immunizations hepatitis B vaccine All Preterm Infants Vaccine doses should not be reduced for preterm infants. Use thimerosal-free vaccines. Intramuscular injections to preterm infants might require a shorter needle than the standard 5/8 to 1” needle. Immunizations may be…
Physiologic Parameters Blood Pressure TABLE B.1 Blood Pressure Values in Neonatal Period after Two Weeks of Age, by Gestational Age Modified from Nickavar A and Assadi F. Managing hypertension in newborn infants. Int J Prev Med . 2014;5(Suppl 1):S39-S43. Gestational…
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Upper Extremities Congenital abnormalities of the upper extremities are those that occur during the embryonic period. Developmental deformities are those that occur primarily in the fetal or neonatal period. Because a developmental deformity may have a prenatal association, such as…
Bacterial infections of the neonatal skeletal system are potentially disabling because of damage to the articular cartilage and epiphysis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are imperative to prevent sequelae. Unfortunately, neonates with skeletal infections do not usually have the classic symptoms…
Musculoskeletal abnormalities of the extremities, spine, and pelvis are common in the neonate. Some are pathologic and others physiologic in origin from normal in utero positioning. The congenital absence of all or part of a limb, deformities of the feet…