KEY POINTS Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum are the most common abnormalities of the thorax. The incidence of pectus excavatum is between 1 and 8 per 1000 persons, and pectus carinatum is two to four times less frequent than pectus…
KEY POINTS Lung hypoplasia implies an abnormal reduction in the weight and/or volume of the lung without the absence of any of its lobes. Decreased lung weight and volume can result from fewer bronchial branches, reduced numbers of alveoli, decreased…
You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY POINTS Eventration of the diaphragm is defined as abnormal elevation of the diaphragm, which can originate from a congenital defect or be acquired. Acquired eventration caused by injury to the phrenic nerve with resultant paralysis and elevation of the…
KEY POINTS The frequency of brachial plexus palsy has been decreasing with improved obstetric management. Lesions that affect the upper segments (C5–C7) result in Erb palsy, whereas lesions that affect the lower spinal segments (C7–T1) result in Klumpke palsy. Traction…
KEY POINTS Traumatic facial nerve palsy has been associated with birth weight greater than 3500 g, forceps-assisted deliveries, and prematurity. When facial nerve paralysis is of developmental origin, it may be part of a broader pattern of altered morphogenesis. Facial…
KEY POINTS Dislocation of the radial head is the most common congenital anomaly of the elbow. The direction of bowing of the ulna depends on the type of dislocation of the radial head, and if an abnormal position is initiated…
KEY POINTS Hyperextension of the leg with dislocation at the knee may result from the legs being in an extended posture with breech presentation, oligohydramnios, or other unusual late gestational constraint, and it can also occur in various genetic connective…
KEY POINTS Certain risk factors warrant close surveillance for congenital hip dislocation: positive family history, breech presentation, firstborn children, female gender, accompanying postural deformations, and certain postnatal positioning. All gradations of dislocation, from a partially stretched, dislocatable hip to a…
You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here