General information Cremophor is a non-ionic solubilizer and emulsifier that is made by reacting ethylene oxide with castor oil [ ]. It is a pale yellow oily liquid consisting of a mixture of components, primarily polyethylene glycol conjugates. Fatty acid…
General information The cyclo-oxygenase (COX) that is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis exists in two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, which differ in their structure, regulation, expression, and function. COX-1 is expressed normally in a constant amount in almost all body tissues…
General information The coumarins were first discovered in Wisconsin, when bleeding in cattle was found to be due to the consumption of bruised sweet clover in the 1920s [ ]. The causative agent, dicoumarol, was isolated in 1940, and a…
General information The plant lactone coumarin (not to be confused with coumarin anticoagulants) is a constituent of some plants [ ], including: Alyxia lucida ; Anthoxanthum odoratum (vanilla grass); Dalea tuberculata (silver prairie clover); Dipteryx odorata (tonka bean); Gallium odoratum…
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General information The adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH (corticotropin) stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the glucocorticoids hydrocortisone (cortisol) and corticosterone, the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, and a number of weakly androgenic substances, as well as a small amount of testosterone. Aldosterone synthesis is…
General information Aldosterone is the principal physiological salt-retaining mineralocorticoid, but it is unsuitable for routine medical use since it is rapidly inactivated when given orally. Desoxycorticosterone (DCA, DOCA, desoxycortone) was used for a long time, but it had to be…
General information The local adverse effects of topical glucocorticoids [ , ] are listed in Table 1 . They include transient local erythema, calcinosis cutis, cramps (due to injection of crystals into a vessel), amaurosis (a dubious report), depigmentation, skin…
General information Eye-drops Glucocorticoids that have been used for local ophthalmic treatment as eye-drops include medrysone, fluorometholone, tetrahydroxytriamcinolone, and clobetasone. Loteprednol etabonate 0.5% increases intraocular pressure less than dexamethasone. Studies on animal models of uveitis and two randomized double-masked trials…
General information The safety of nasal glucocorticoids in the treatment of allergic rhinitis has been reviewed [ , ]. The local application of glucocorticoids for seasonal or perennial rhinitis often results in systemic adverse effects. The use of nasal sprays…