Abstract “Sore throat” or pharyngitis is one of the most frequent complaints of patients in the acute care setting, accounting for nearly 7 million pediatric and 6 million adult visits each year. On the surface, pharyngitis would appear to pose…
Abstract Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common bacterial infection seen in pediatric patients, and treatment of AOM is the most common reason children receive antibiotics. Physician visits and antibiotic use for otitis media, however, have decreased in the…
Abstract Sinusitis is defined as an inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses and can be caused by various factors including allergy, environmental irritants, and infection by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. It is also commonly referred to as…
Abstract Viruses are an important but underrecognized cause of pneumonias. The exact percentage of all pneumonias caused by viral infection is unknown, but viruses are probably responsible for at least 25% of cases. This figure will likely change as a…
Abstract While microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions is usually the cause of most cases of community- and hospital-acquired pneumonias, macroaspiration of oropharyngeal or upper gastrointestinal contents is the cause of aspiration pneumonia (AP). Chemical pneumonitis (CP) is triggered by aspiration of…
Abstract The term atypical pneumonia was first used more than 50 years ago to describe cases of pneumonia caused by an unknown agent(s) and that appeared clinically different from pneumococcal pneumonia. Although the original distinction between atypical and typical pneumonia…
Abstract Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a new infection of the lung parenchyma that develops more than 48 hours after hospital admission. Epidemiologic data suggest that HAP occurs in up to 1.6% of patients, prolongs hospital stay by 2 to 3…
Abstract There have been several new developments concerning community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) since the prior version of Netter’s Infectious Diseases ; these include: advances in molecular diagnostic methods to identify the causative pathogen; increasing awareness of viral etiology; decreasing rate of…
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Abstract Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a group of acid-fast bacteria that are ubiquitous in the environment. They have been isolated from water and soil, and, when it is possible to identify the etiology, related infections are almost always associated with…