Abstract Acute ascending cholangitis is a biliary tract infection resulting from bile duct obstruction. It carries potential for significant morbidity and mortality and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Clinical presentation can range from a mild, self-limited course to a serious,…
Abstract Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency and appendectomy is the most common emergency operation, with more than 250,000 procedures reported annually in the United States. Acute appendicitis results from appendiceal endoluminal obstruction, typically caused by a fecalith.…
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Abstract The endemic mycoses are geographically restricted pathogens that exist as molds in specific environmental niches, where humans encounter them. In the United States, the major endemic mycoses are histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis. The extent of disease manifested by a…
Abstract Urinary tract infection (UTI), an acute bacterial infection of the urinary bladder, kidney, or collecting system, is among the most commonly diagnosed infectious diseases. The spectrum of disease is broad, ranging from asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) and simple cystitis to…
Abstract The three distinct presentations of osteomyelitis are defined by the mechanism whereby infectious agents are introduced into bone: (1) hematogenous infection from bacteremia; (2) local spread from contiguous foci such as abscesses, insect bites, or infected exanthematous lesions; and…
Acknowledgment The author would like to acknowledge the first edition authors Thomas A. Kurrus † † Deceased. and Martin G. Tauber. Abstract Meningitis is a relatively rare inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This inflammation results…
Abstract Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious infection involving the interior of the heart, most commonly the heart valves. It is predominantly bacterial, most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcal species. This chapter reviews the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis,…
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Abstract Exacerbations are episodes of increased respiratory and sometimes systemic symptoms in patients with underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They reflect increased airway inflammation usually induced by bacterial and/or viral tracheobronchial infection. These episodes are a major contributor to…