General Overview and Incidence Definition of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL): lymphoid neoplasm affecting lymph nodes; paucity of neoplastic cells with rich inflammatory background Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) 90% to 95% of cases Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) 5% to 10% of…
In healthy adults and older children, the majority of circulating lymphocytes in the blood are T cells (approximately 70% of lymphocytes) with fewer B cells (25%) and natural killer (NK) cells (5%). However, at birth this proportion is reversed, with…
General Overview and Incidence Precursor lymphoid neoplasms or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the second most common leukemia affecting adults with about 1.6 per 100,000 and 6500 cases per year in the United States. In 2018, an estimated 5960 new…
A Brief Overview of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is understood to be the product of genetic and epigenetic changes within a multipotent myeloid stem/progenitor cell that generate and amplify a clone capable of differentiation arrest and uncontrolled…
General Overview Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) represent a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms characterized by abnormal differentiation and maturation of myeloid cells, ineffective hematopoiesis, and increased risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Peripheral blood (PB) cytopenias are common, with…
General Overview and Incidence Mastocytosis is no longer under the broad category of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous disease of clonal neoplastic proliferation and expansions of mast cells (MCs) that are CD117 + /CD25 + /CD2 + and…
General Overview Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal stem cell disorders characterized by abnormal chronic proliferation of cells belonging to myeloid lineages that are often associated with elevated blood counts, splenomegaly, and a propensity for thrombosis. The World Health Organization (WHO)…
In the workup of patients with suspected megaloblastic anemia, clinical findings, the complete blood count (CBC) with manual differential, and additional diagnostic studies are critical for narrowing the differential diagnosis ( Boxes 4.1 and 4.2 ). Beyond just the hemoglobin/hematocrit…
Introduction This chapter reviews two separate and partially overlapping types of anemia: hypochromic anemias, resulting from a decreased amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells, and hemolytic anemias, resulting from increased red blood cell destruction. Of the hypochromic anemias, iron…
Hematopoietic Cytokines and Growth Factors Hematopoietic homeostasis is tightly controlled by a group of hematopoietic cytokines ( Fig. 2.1 ). Each cytokine performs unique and/or multiple actions mediated by receptors whose cytoplasmic domains contain specialized regions initiating their various responses,…