Metabolic acidosis Metabolic acidosis is defined as a clinical process that leads to a decreased blood pH (acidemia) and a decreased HCO 3 level. It is caused by a gain of acidic compounds and/or loss of a base, usually bicarbonate.…
Introduction and history of blood gases The term “blood gas” refers to the parameters pH, p CO 2 , and p O 2 measured in blood. Note that the little “p” in pH stands for negative log, while the italicized…
Blood Collection In the United States, 14.2 million red blood cells and whole blood donations and approximately 2.4 million apheresis and whole blood–derived platelets were collected in 2013. Although whole blood donations are the primary method for the manufacturing of…
General Overview and Incidence Overview of Hemophilia The hemophilias are bleeding disorders caused by the absence or decrease of factor VIII in hemophilia A or factor IX in hemophilia B. Coagulation Factors VIII and IX (FVIII and FIX) are part…
Viral Infections Certain viral infections can cause cytopathic changes in blood cells or changes in the maturation of blood cells. The nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions of some viruses, particularly the herpesviruses, are visible by light microscopy. The most easily identified…
General Overview and Incidence Incidence varies depending on the institution, patient population, allograph types, and immunosuppression regimes. Etiology/Histopathology Clinical settings causing immune dysfunctions, such as viral Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, human viral immunodeficiency, autoimmune disease, and posttransplantation, can cause clonal…
General Overview and Incidence Pediatric hematology/hematopathology spans the spectrum of benign, malignant, and neoplastic mimickers. Neoplastic lymphoid, myeloid, and histocytic neoplasms follow criteria in the updated World Health Organization (WHO) 2017 classification similar to adults. Examples of common entities or…
General Overview and Incidence Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of clonal plasma cells and is part of a spectrum of plasma cells disorders encompassing the benign asymptomatic condition monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), smoldering MM (SMM), symptomatic MM,…
T-Cell and Natural Killer–Cell Neoplasms With Primarily Leukemic Involvement T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia Overview and Incidence T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is an aggressive, mature T-cell malignancy affecting predominantly older adults and accounts for 2% of chronic leukemias. There is an approximate…
Introduction Non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas are the seventh most common malignant neoplasm and account for approximately 4% of all cancers, according to the American Cancer Society, with approximately 77,000 cases anticipated to be diagnosed annually in the United States, not including…