Hepatic tumors make up only 1% to 4% of pediatric solid tumors, and most of these are metastatic lesions from an extrahepatic site. The symptoms leading to their diagnosis are usually nonspecific and may be erroneously attributed to an underlying…
Acknowledgment We would like to acknowledge the authors of the prior edition, Zev H. Davidovics, Karen F. Murray, and Laura S. Finn, for the structure and a significant portion of the content of this chapter. Many thanks to Thomas Plesec,…
The anal sphincter consists of an inner ring of smooth muscle, the internal anal sphincter, the intersphincteric space, and an outer ring of skeletal muscle, the external anal sphincter. The internal sphincter is an involuntary muscle that maintains anal tone.…
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It is primarily a disease of prematurity, with only 10% of affected infants born after 36 weeks of gestation. NEC contributes significantly to short-term…
Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is an umbrella term for heterogeneous disorders that result in the inability of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to move contents through an unobstructed lumen and are thus unified by similarities in their clinical presentation, evaluation, and…
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an important pediatric gastrointestinal disease, given its potential for significant morbidity and even mortality during childhood, its chronicity, and its premalignant nature. Although significant advances in our understanding of its immunologic basis have led to novel…
Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the significant contributions of the prior authors of this chapter who contributed to the last edition of the book. The majority of the text has been updated, but some of the content written previously has been…
Introduction Children and adolescents with gastrointestinal polyps may present symptomatically with rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, or intussusception. Alternatively, they may be asymptomatic and referred either because an adult family member has been affected with early-onset colorectal cancers (CRC) or there…
Acknowledgments The authors would like to dedicate this chapter to the memory of their beloved colleague, Dr. Tracie Miller, who was a coauthor on prior editions of this chapter. Introduction Advances in the understanding of the adaptive and innate immune…
Enteric parasites are important agents of disease throughout the world. Although the frequency and severity of parasitic diseases are most extreme in the developing world, changes in worldwide travel, immigration, commerce, day care for young children, and increasing numbers of…