Introduction The midface is the area of the face between the glabella and the subnasal region. It has a complex muscular anatomy, demanding full anatomic knowledge and a precise injection technique. The small muscles in this area are important for…
Summary and key features Botulinum toxin is a common treatment for periorbital rhytides. Excellent cosmetic outcomes and avoidance of adverse events relies on an in-depth knowledge of periocular anatomy, age-related changes, and expert technique. Botulinum toxin may also be used…
Summary and key features Treatment of crow’s feet with botulinum toxin is safe and effective. Preoperative assessment of the periocular region, including analysis of dynamic and static rhytides, lower lid laxity, and upper lid ptosis, can improve the precision and…
The periorbital region Introduction The eyes and the periorbital area comprise a complex region consisting of many parts that all contribute to the attractiveness of the feature. One part of this area is the brow. The brow is our entrance…
Summary and key features Frontalis muscle properties (force, height, and length) influence neuromodulator treatment. When performing neuromodulator treatment of the frontalis muscle, priority should be placed on brow height over brow shape. Neuromodulator injection grid maps providing a “guide” for…
Summary and key features Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) for treatment of glabellar rhytides was US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for cosmetic use in 2002 but has been used for this purpose since the early 1990s. Injection of…
Summary and key features Benzyl alcohol has anesthetic effects and is safe for skin injection. Skin injection of botulinum toxin reconstituted with preserved (i.e., benzyl alcohol-containing) saline is less painful than injection of toxin reconstituted with saline only. Skin preinfiltration…
Summary and key features Most neuromodulators are provided as powders that require reconstitution prior to use. Preserved saline is the most common diluent used in clinical practice; however, other diluents have also proven to be safe and effective. While package…
Summary and key features The favorable efficacy and safety profiles of injectable botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) for facial aesthetic procedures and for medical indications are well established. An unmet need exists for the development of systems or formulations for…
Summary and key features Botox® (onabotulinumtoxinA), Dysport® (abobotulinumtoxinA), Xeomin® (incobotulinumtoxinA), and Jeuveau® (prabotulinumtoxinA) are the four currently commercially available formulations of botulinum toxin type A in the United States. Although all four formulations are approved by the United Stated Food…