Key Points The biologic effects of ionizing radiation are proportional to the time of exposure, whereas radiation exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the radiation source. Modern fluoroscopy units typically employ ABC, which automatically adjusts…
## Intrathecal drug delivery for the treatment of pain is an outgrowth of pioneering research into spinal cord mechanisms and receptors that modulate nociceptive signal transmission to and within the central nervous system. Since the 1970s, researchers have identified the…
Introduction Neuromodulation for chronic pain control has been used for several decades but recently has received much clinical interest mainly based on published improved therapy outcomes. Spinal cord (SCS), dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) for chronic…
Overview Pain is a complex and serious medical condition, with estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2016 showing 50 million (20.4%) United States adults experiencing chronic pain, among whom 19.6 million experience high impact pain that…
One in two women and one in five men aged >50 years will experience an osteoporotic fracture. These can result in substantial patient pain, morbidity, and healthcare utilization. A new osteoporotic vertebral fracture occurs every 22 s; 1.4 million occur…
Overview and Pathophysiology of Myofascial Pain Syndromes Myofascial pain is a common source of pain in the neck, low back, and other areas of the body. The term “myofascial pain” encompasses many different painful conditions, including muscle strain, myofascial trigger…
Introduction Targeted treatment of peripheral joint pain because of musculoskeletal disorders involves the utilization of intraarticular (IA) injections as well as ablative procedures. IA joint and bursa injections are used to treat pain in the joint and surrounding soft tissue…
The use of electric current for pain management has a long history. As early as the second half of the 19th century, brain lesions were made in animals with the application of direct current, and empirical rules for quantifying lesion…
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) continues to deliberate the classification of chronic pain as a disease symptom or etiology. Semantics aside, pain is undoubtedly a public health crisis as the Institute of Medicine’s report estimates that…
Head and neck blocks consist of blockade of the atlanto-axial joint, third occipital nerve, occipital nerve, sphenopalatine ganglion, trigeminal nerve, and glossopharyngeal nerve. This chapter will discuss the rationale for these blocks, the relevant anatomy, and the technique in performing…