Anatomy Genitourinary system: Composed of internal and external organs of the urinary system and genital/reproductive system. Both systems are contained in the abdomen and pelvic region. Urinary system: Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Reproductive system: Male (penis, testicles),…
Red Blood Cell Disorders And Inherited Hemoglobinopathies Sickle Cell Syndromes Description: Sickle cell warrants special consideration for athletes. Inheritance of a gene from one parent results in sickle cell trait (SCT), and inheritance from both results in sickle cell disease…
General Principles The gastrointestinal (GI) system and its processes are a secondary priority for the body during exercise. As a result, GI dysfunction and disease can often impede maximal athletic potential. During exercise, blood flow is diverted from the splanchnic…
General Principles Athletes may be immunosuppressed due to a variety of psychological, environmental, and physiologic stressors, especially when combined with inadequate diet and sleep. Infectious outbreaks affect sports participation and performance and can easily spread to team staff, spectators, and…
Introduction Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is among the most challenging medical disorders that confronts the sports medicine provider. OTS, although most commonly associated with endurance athletes (e.g., runners, swimmers), can also be identified in strength athletes. At present, OTS is complicated…
Overview The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DMS-V), updated in 2013, and the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, updated in 2019, identifies and defines the following eating…
Definition According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Code, doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the following antidoping rule violations: The presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in an athlete’s bodily…
Introduction Athlete mental health (MH) symptoms and disorders have emerged as a major focus within athletic/sports organizations, international and national sport governing bodies, and the sports medicine environment. This focus has resulted in the development of multiple consensus statements and…
General Principles Modern transportation systems facilitate easy access to most regions of the world. Although this has allowed for the rapid growth of international competition, it also creates unique physiologic and psychological challenges for athletes as well as the sports…
Acknowledgment The authors would like to acknowledge James Stray-Gundersen, MD, for his major contributions to the previous editions of this chapter. Altitude Environment Barometric pressure is reduced at high altitudes, with a parallel decrease in inspired partial pressure of oxygen…