Synopsis Nasal defects pose a unique set of challenges for the reconstructive surgeon given the significance, both functionally and esthetically, and nuanced anatomy of the nasal framework. The character of the defect, including the size, location, depth (layers of tissue…
Synopsis Blepharoptosis or ptosis describes the descent of the upper eyelid below the normal anatomical position, which can result in reduced visual function or, in children, amblyopia. The upper eyelid margin normally lies 0.5 to 2 mm below the superior corneal…
Synopsis Scalp defects arise from a variety of etiologies and often have complex presentations. The reconstructive process begins with a thorough defect analysis, including size, location, wound conditions, and possible exposure of underlying structures. Reconstructive options follow the tenets of…
Synopsis Cleft lip and palate provides a four-dimensional reconstructive challenge, encompassing all tissue types and extending across the age spectrum from infancy into adulthood. This chapter focuses on alveolar bone grafting, a component of cleft reconstruction typically performed in early…
Synopsis A cleft palate represents a developmental failure in separating the oral and the nasal cavities. The communication allows for uncontrolled passage of air, liquid, and food between the two cavities, thus significantly impairing feeding and normal speech development. Anatomically,…
Synopsis Primary cleft lips are congenital and result from a failure of the medial nasal prominence of the frontonasal process to join with the maxillary process during embryogenesis. Variability in primary cleft lip defects consists of a spectrum based on…
Synopsis Repair of a bilateral cleft lip deformity is challenging yet rewarding. Many surgeons find it hard to achieve results comparable to those of unilateral repairs. Poorly planned surgeries can leave noticeable residual deformities. There is a combination of genetic…
Synopsis Caring for the unilateral cleft lip patient extends far beyond primary cleft lip repair. The complex needs of the cleft patient and family evolve as the child ages; therefore, a longitudinal multidisciplinary team approach is obligatory for proper care.…
Synopsis Free tissue transfer (“free flap”) reconstruction is commonly used to address defects of the body after trauma or tumor resection. A wide variety of tissue flaps exist, and flap selection should be based on requirements for coverage at the…
Synopsis Microsurgical techniques are performed with an operating microscope and specialized instruments. They are useful when a skin graft or local flap(s) cannot adequately achieve reconstruction and in replantation surgery or nerve repair. The goal of microsurgical procedures is to…