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Synopsis ■ This chapter will help illustrate the ease with which virtual surgery and computer-aided design and manufacturing can be used to create accurate postoperative results and provide confidence with complex three-dimensional bony injuries and reconstructions. ■ With advancements in…
Advances in three-dimensional (3D) imaging and modeling have significantly changed the practice of treatment planning in patients with congenital or developmental facial skeletal differences. With improvements in imaging technology, such as computed tomography (CT), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 3D…
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Access video content for this chapter online at Elsevier eBooks+ Introduction Acquired cranio-orbital deformities comprise a vast array of etiological entities which result in defects, disproportions, or asymmetries in the upper face and skull, and they are commonly associated with…
Access video and video lecture content for this chapter online at Elsevier eBooks+ Introduction Auricular defects can cause psychosocial morbidity to the affected patient that may be improved with surgical correction. Congenital abnormalities of the external ear are common and…
Synopsis ■ The field of plastic surgery originated with the first early attempts to reconstruct the face, especially the nose. ■ The face tells the world who we are and materially influences what we can become. ■ The restoration of…
Synopsis ■ The forehead heals particularly well by secondary intention when local flaps are inadequate. ■ When additional skin is necessary in the context of radiation, a thin, non-hair-bearing fasciocutaneous free flap is optimal. ■ Regional or free flaps are…
Access video lecture content for this chapter online at Elsevier eBooks+ Craniomaxillofacial fractures are commonly encountered in plastic surgical practice. Fracture patterns vary widely ( Fig. 1.1 ) and may involve isolated facial bones, multiple contiguous bones, or multiple levels…
Access video and video lecture content for this chapter online at Elsevier eBooks+ Botulinum toxin types Botulinum toxin is produced by Clostridium botulinum , an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rod. The bacterium produces eight distinguishable neurotoxins. Although both types A and…