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Synopsis ■ Lower extremity trauma is commonly associated with other organ injuries. ■ A primary survey is essential to quickly recognize life-threatening conditions and perform critical interventions as early as possible. ■ The initial assessment of extremity trauma involves evaluating…
Synopsis ■ The goals of secondary facial reconstruction span from simply closing a wound to restoring facial function while achieving as close to a normal appearance as possible both in repose and during animation. ■ To reconstruct a missing part,…
Synopsis ■ Success in lower extremity reconstruction is dependent on a comprehensive understanding of structural and functional anatomy. An anatomic- and defect-specific approach to lower extremity reconstruction enables the surgeon to provide tailored solutions for both the preservation and restoration…
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Synopsis ■ In head and neck reconstruction, a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s disease status, defects of the oral cavity, tongue, and mandible are critical to achieving optimal functional results with minimal complications. ■ Thorough evaluation of the defect includes…
Synopsis ■ While normal appearance of the lip is ideal, the primary objective of lip reconstruction is the restoration of a functional oral sphincter with adequate aperture for proper feeding and speech. ■ Etiology, size, and missing components of the…
Synopsis ■ The differences in skin texture and laxity with age must be considered when choosing a local flap for facial coverage. ■ The plastic surgeon’s goal is not to cover a facial wound, but instead to reconstruct the characteristics…
Synopsis ■ The maxilla may be thought of as a six-walled geometric box. ■ Most extensive midface defects require free flaps for reconstruction. ■ Complex structures such as nose, eyelids, and lips should be reconstructed separately, usually with local flaps.…
Synopsis ■ While cutaneous malignancies are the most common cancer of the head and neck region, the most common cancer arising from the mucosa is squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). ■ 5-year survival outcomes for head and neck cancer patients have…