Introduction Transgender medicine is a developing field of medicine that spans multiple subspecialties. Transgender individuals are defined as those whose gender identity differs from the assigned sex recorded for them at birth based on external sexual characteristics. Gender identity includes…
Introduction Disorders of sexual development (DSD)―a less derogatory term than intersex―are a heterogenous group of conditions characterized by aberrant chromosomal, gonadal, and/or anatomic sex with widely varying genotypic and phenotypic manifestations. Sexual differentiation comprises three successive steps: (1) genotypic events…
Introduction The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community has built tremendous momentum in raising awareness of its presence in our communities, and in the past several decades we have seen the positive impacts that LGBT and ally groups have…
Introduction Transgender identity is not a mental illness; however, mental health assessment and care is an integral part of transgender care. Transgender people may present with gender dysphoria, for help in exploring their gender identity, or for mental health conditions…
Introduction Transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming individuals have been a part of all cultures historically, yet the emergence of, and advocacy for, transgender individuals in the Western world have become prominent only in recent decades. The majority of clinical experience…
24.1 Introduction Using pharmacokinetic models to predict drug plasma time courses after drug or chemical administration to newborns is an active field of research and application [ ]. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is one of the more sophisticated computational…
23.1 Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), most commonly manifested as heartburn, is estimated to affect 40%–85% of pregnant women [ ]. Risk factors for GERD in pregnancy include increasing gestational age, parity, and a history of heartburn […
22.1 General principles about envenomation Envenomation is the exposure to a poison or toxin resulting from a bite or sting from an animal. The medically important venomous animals consist of several major categories: snakes, spiders, scorpions, hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and…
Pregnancy can be an ideal time to use herbal and alternative remedies. Herbs are often mild preparations of natural compounds that can be just perfect for some of the discomforts and illnesses during pregnancy. Several studies have shown that as…
20.1 Introduction Every system in the body undergoes drastic changes during pregnancy, including the integumentary system. These dermatological changes are a result of varying factors, such as alterations in collagen formation, increase in sebaceous and eccrine gland secretion, shifts in…