According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years of age worldwide. It is also the leading cause of malnutrition in children younger than 5 years of…
Overview Gastrointestinal disorders involving an accumulation of eosinophils include a variety of conditions including classic Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), and the primary eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis [EoG], and eosinophilic colitis).…
Continuous progress has been made over the last few decades in the management of children with intestinal failure. Significant advances include gut rehabilitation, autologous reconstruction, bowel lengthening, and visceral transplantation. Gut replacement is one of the most important milestones in…
Definition and Historical Perspective Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is defined in children as a critical reduction in the length and absorptive capacity of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in the inability of the small bowel to adequately absorb nutrients, fluids, and…
Definition Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated systemic disorder elicited by the ingestion of wheat gliadin and related prolamins in genetically susceptible individuals, characterized by a variable combination of gluten-dependent clinical manifestations, CD-specific antibodies, human leukocytes antigen (HLA) DQ2 and/or…
Definition Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is a clinical syndrome due to a myriad of etiologies and characterized by excessive gastrointestinal (GI) protein loss. The immediate sequel of this protein loss is hypoproteinemia and edema; additional associated symptoms may include abdominal pain…
Introduction The intestine is a complex organ system holding the unique ability to digest and absorb food while also coordinating complicated motility and hosting a distinctive immune system. When abnormalities occur in any of these intestinal functions, diarrhea can ensue.…
Maldigestion and Malabsorption Many of the common digestive symptoms in pediatrics, including diarrhea and weight loss, are the result of disruption of nutrient digestion or absorption. As such, maldigestion and malabsorption are not specific diagnoses but rather mechanistic categories that…
The small and large intestines are contiguous and occupy most of the abdominal cavity. Working in concert, and with remarkable efficiency, they are responsible for several complex functions including digestion and the absorption of nutrients, among them vitamins and trace…
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