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Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 1 1. D 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. E 7. D 8. B 9. E 10. B Chapter 2 1. D 2. D 3. E 4. E 5. E 6. B 7. D 8. D…
Reference information for the clinical laboratory
Abstract Background Accurate reference intervals established in healthy subjects are essential for appropriate interpretation of laboratory test results and to assist clinicians in diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of disease. To facilitate interpretation of laboratory tests, reference intervals must be appropriately…
Primary immunodeficiencies and secondary immunodeficiencies
Abstract Background Over the last six decades, our understanding of human immunology, coupled with our ability to interrogate the immune system in detail, has gone through a period of rapid evolution. From the early pioneers of immunology, Sir Peter Medawar…
Allergy testing
Abstract Background Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated allergen conditions are increasing worldwide, affecting the quality of life of millions of individuals and are a burden on the health care system. The increasing availability of clinically relevant allergenic molecules has begun to change…
Monoclonal antibody therapeutics and immunogenicity
Abstract Background The introduction of monoclonal antibody drugs has had major impact in medicine, leading to extraordinary progress in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases, particularly malignancies and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Content This chapter provides a…
Transplant compatibility testing
Abstract Background Transplant compatibility testing is focused on developing an immune risk profile, which consists of three types of testing—human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing, HLA antibody screening, and compatibility crossmatch. This immune risk profile is then put into clinical context…
Hematopoietic cell transplantation
Abstract Background Since the first successful application of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in the 1950s there has been a consistent evolution in the practice of HCT, which has supported an increasing number of HCT survivors worldwide. HCT is a complex…
Transplant, solid organ
Abstract Background The development of transplantation for organ failure constituted a significant advance in the management of humans with solid organ failure, which progressed rapidly over the second half of the 20th century. The development of successful outcomes in different…
Systemic autoimmune disease
Abstract Background The systemic autoimmune diseases are a broad category of conditions characterized by chronic inflammation with a proven or suspected autoimmune etiology. Autoimmunity results from loss of immune system tolerance, leading to reactions against self-proteins. In many cases, autoantibodies…
Transfusion reactions and adverse events associated with transfusion
Abstract Transfusion reactions remain a major issue particularly for patients with chronic transfusion requirements. The majority of reactions are mild, but some are severe and rarely fatal. In 2017, 44 fatal transfusion reactions occurred in the United States. Transfusion reactions…