There are five special senses—smell, taste, feeling, vision, and hearing—each of which is perceived by receptors specific to that particular sense. The sense of smell and its receptors were described in Chapter 15 ; the sense of taste was described…
The two testes suspended in the scrotum, a system of intratesticular and extratesticular genital ducts, associated glands, and the male copulatory organ (the penis), constitute the male reproductive system ( Fig. 21.1 ). Spermatozoa formation—as well as the synthesis, storage,…
The female reproductive system consists of the internal reproductive organs (the two ovaries, two oviducts, uterus, and vagina; Fig. 20.1 ) and the external genitalia (the clitoris, labia majora, and labia minora). Open full size image Fig. 20.1 Schematic diagram…
The two kidneys not only remove toxic by-products of metabolism from the bloodstream by forming urine but they also conserve salts, glucose, amino acids, proteins, water, and additional materials required by the body. The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure…
The major salivary glands associated with the oral cavity, pancreas, and liver are considered to be the extramural glands of the digestive system. Each of these glands has numerous functions aiding the digestive process; their secretory products are delivered to…
The alimentary canal , the tubular portion of the digestive tract, extends from the oral cavity to the anus. Aliquots of food that was swallowed at the level of the oral cavity enters the alimentary canal to be churned, liquefied,…
The digestive system—composed of the oral cavity, alimentary tract, and associated glands—functions in the ingestion, mastication, deglutition (swallowing), digestion, and absorption of food, as well as in the elimination of its indigestible remnants. Regions of the digestive system are modified…
The lungs and the airways leading to the external environment constitute the respiratory system , whose role is to provide oxygen (O 2 ) to and eliminate carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the cells of the body. The following…
The integument is composed of skin and its appendages: sweat glands , sebaceous glands , hair , and nails . It is the largest organ, constituting 16% of the body weight. The skin invests the entire body, becoming continuous with…
The endocrine system consists of ductless glands , distinct clusters of cells within certain organs of the body, and individual endocrine cells (known as the diffuse neuroendocrine system [DNES] ), situated in the epithelial lining of the respiratory system and…