Diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta Aneurysms, dissections, and occlusive disease are the main pathologies that can affect arterial vessels. Whereas occlusive disease is more likely to occur in peripheral arteries, the aorta and its major branches are affected…
Introduction Pericardial diseases have a varied clinical presentation, ranging from chronic or subacute to acute and potentially life threatening. These pathologies often present urgently to the operating room, and their perioperative management poses unique challenges for the anesthesiologist. The hemodynamic…
Heart failure Definition The ability of the left ventricle to function as one of the body’s two main pumping chambers depends on how efficiently it ejects and subsequently fills with oxygenated blood. This implicit duality indicates that heart failure may…
Systemic hypertension In 2017, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) redefined hypertension as a sustained systolic blood pressure above 130 mm Hg and/or a diastolic pressure above 80 mm Hg. This new definition arose in response to the…
Introduction The development of the modern-day electrocardiogram (ECG) started with the recognition by scientists that the electric currents regulating the heart could be detected at the surface of the skin. In the late 1800s Willem Einthoven built a machine called…
The prevalence of ischemic heart disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease in the United States increases significantly with age ( Fig. 5.1 ). By some estimates, 30% of patients who undergo surgery annually in the United States have ischemic heart disease.…
Critical illness has been documented since the beginning of recorded history, an inherent component of the human experience. However, critical care is a recent development made possible by the technical and scientific advances of the 20th century. If the whole…
The perioperative management of patients with restrictive lung disease presents unique challenges to the anesthesiologist. Although these patients are at increased risk of perioperative respiratory complications with all surgeries, their incidence is higher in patients undergoing cardiac, thoracic, vascular, and…
Obstructive respiratory diseases are an important factor contributing to increased risk of perioperative pulmonary complications. There is increasing awareness of how these complications contribute to overall morbidity, mortality, and increased hospital length of stay. Perioperative pulmonary complications can also play…
Sleep-related breathing disorder (SRBD) is the second most common category as classified by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3), after insomnia, and the most common disorder encountered in sleep medicine labs. SRBD can refer to an exclusively sleep-related disorder…