Genetic work during the past several years has led to a clearer understanding of the molecular causes of genetic-based muscle diseases. In most cases, the identification of the proteins altered in the disease states has added to our understanding of…
Introduction Cancer during childhood remains one of the leading causes of disease-related mortality among pediatric patients. With advancements in the treatment of pediatric oncologic disorders and improved survival rates, the pediatric anesthesiologist will encounter these patients in the operating room,…
Introduction Managing the coagulation system is an integral part of pediatric anesthesiology and surgery. Pediatric anesthesiologists must have a fundamental understanding of normal and abnormal hemostasis in children as complex surgical procedures on neonates, infants, and children have become common.…
Introduction Cardiovascular disease in children, while at times sharing some similarities, is quite different from that of adults. Common adult cardiovascular disease is typically the culmination of years of hypertension, atherosclerosis from hypercholesterolemia, valvulopathy and vasculopathy from progressive calcification, and…
Asthma Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable degrees of airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperreactivity ( ). Different clinical presentations are common, with patients varying greatly in their symptom onset and duration, triggers, severity, and…
Diabetes mellitus Background The endocrine condition most frequently encountered in the perioperative period in children is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is the result of an absolute or functional deficiency of insulin production by the pancreas. In type 1 diabetes, this…
Introduction Individuals in high-resource nations have provided surgical service and training in low-resource countries (LRCs) as early as the 1940s, if not earlier. Those early efforts were typically self-arranged. Organized efforts appeared in the late 1950s and early 1960s, leading…
Introduction Sedation of children for tests and procedures inside and outside the operating room remains a critical part of the role anesthesiologists play in providing compassionate and effective care for children. Unlike other areas of anesthesia practice, in pediatric procedural…
Introduction The demand for anesthesia and sedation outside of the operating room (OR) continues to grow with evolving medical technology, imaging techniques, and endoscopic approaches ( ; ; ; ; ). The ability to keep patients safe during these procedures…
Introduction In light of the advances in healthcare, dental disease is still among the most prevalent of diseases, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Although dental caries (tooth decay) is largely preventable, it remains the most…