Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Etiology Diarrhea is a common adverse effect of antibiotic use and can result from a variety of mechanisms. The most common type of diarrhea, often simply called antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), is not associated with any specific pathogen and…
Food poisoning is defined as an illness caused by the consumption of food contaminated with bacteria, bacterial toxins, parasites, viruses, or chemicals. The percentage of outbreaks for which an etiology is confirmed has increased significantly from 40% in 1998 to…
Infectious diarrhea is a major cause of illness throughout the world with 2.39 billion episodes of diarrhea estimated in 2015, of which 957.5 million occurred in children under the age of 5 years. Despite the number of deaths attributed to…
Whipple disease (WD) is a chronic systemic infection caused by a Gram-positive bacillus, Tropheryma whipplei . The small intestine is most commonly affected, but a variety of other organs may also be involved, including the joints, CNS, and heart. Clinical…
Diarrheal disease is common in tropical countries, affecting individuals of all ages and including indigenous residents as well as travelers to these countries. The frequency of diarrheal disease in warm tropical climates relates to multiple factors, including poor hygiene, poor…
Acknowledgment The author gratefully acknowledges the important and valuable contributionsof the authors of previous editions, Drs. Ciaran P. Kelly, Jerry S.Trier, and Richard J. Farrell. Definitions Celiac disease is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy that is precipitated by dietary gluten in…
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is characterized by malabsorption due to congenital absence or resection of large portions of the small intestine, typically leaving the adult with 150 to 200 cm of functional small bowel. Individuals with SBS have lost their…
In its most simplistic form, the term SIBO describes a condition of excess bacteria in the small intestine. Although the phrase SIBO remains clinically relevant, it oversimplifies the rapidly evolving complexity of this disorder that has both intestinal and extra-intestinal…
In the past, it was believed that most malabsorptive diseases manifested with diarrhea, steatorrhea, or both. It is now recognized that many malabsorptive disorders, such as celiac disease, might have subtle clinical presentations or mainly extraintestinal manifestations (e.g., anemia, bone…
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture publish dietary guidelines for Americans every 5 years based on the most current evidence in nutrition science. These recommendations aim to promote health, prevent chronic disease…